地理学性质透视第二节(共5页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上双语 第二节II. What Is Meant by Geography as theStudy of Areal Differentiation?二. 何谓地理作为区域差异的研究？Under these conditions, such a subject, if it existed at all as a separate discipline, would no doubt have developed relatively late and as an over-all integrating science of little popular intere

2、st.在这些情况下，主题，如果它在所有存在作为单独的纪律，就无疑会发展较晚与小受欢迎感兴趣的全面整合科学。Very early in human development, however, man discovered that his world varied greatly from place to place. It was to satisfy man s curiosity concerning such differences that geography developed as a subject of popular interest. From earliest time

3、s travelers returning from “foreign ” parts were expected to tell the stay-at-homes what things and people were like in the paces they had seen, whether in adjoining, but relatively inaccessible, districts or in more remote parts不过，人类的发展，在很早男子发现他的世界不同地方来。它是满足人的好奇心，关于这种差异地理开发为流行感兴趣的科目。从最早的时候 对外 的部件从返

4、回的旅行者，预期告诉 stay-at-homes 什么东西和人都像步伐在他们看到了，在毗邻，但相对较无法访问，地区或更偏远地区This universal curiosity of man about the world beyond his immediate horizon, a world known to differ in varying degrees from the home area, is the foundation of all geography这种普遍的好奇心关于他立即视野，已知的不同程度，从家庭的区域，在不同的世界之外的世界是人的所有地理的基础The fact t

5、hat all the areas of the earth differ from each other leads also to a special interest in any cases in which separate areas appear to be alike彼此不同的地球的所有领域的事实也导致特别感兴趣，在任何情况下都是独立的区域出现的Nevertheless, the ways in which separate areas are alike is no less significant than the ways in which they differ. Co

6、mparative study of such areas permits geography to approach the methods of laboratory sciences, in which certain facts are controlled as constants, while others vary.不过，在其中独立的区域是相似的方式意义是不比他们有不同的方法。比较研究等领域允许地理接近的实验科学，其中某些事实作为控制常量，其他各不相同的方法。If such examination shows that in respect to certain individu

7、al features or groups of closely related features-for example, atmospheric conditions determining rainfall, temperature, cloudiness, etc., which we group together as climate-the differences amongseveral areas are very slight, we say that such areas are “similar ” in climate.如果这种检测显示，在尊重对某些个别功能或组密切相关

8、的功能-例如，大气条件确定降雨、 温度、 云量等，其中我们组合在一起几个地区的气候差异都很轻微，我们说等领域是气候 相似 。We may then consider these areas, and all other areas of the world in which climatic conditions are “similar ” in contrast to “dissimilar ” conditions of other areas-that is, areas differing in minor degree in contrast to those differing

9、in major degree-as specimen areas of the same type我们可能会再考虑这些领域和所有其他地区的气候条件是 类似 相比， 不一样 条件的其他领域的世界-就是不同的轻微程度相比，那些主要的程度不同的领域-为同一类型的标本区This, of course, is the method by which we construct the well known systems of classification of areas of the world into various kinds of regions, sometimes called “gen

10、eric regions,” because they are based on generic concepts, whether of climate, landforms, soils, or agricultural systems.当然，这其中我们构造的世界的地区分类到各种类型的地区，有时也称为 通用区域， 因为它们基于通用的概念的气候、 地形、 土壤、 或农业系统众所周知的系统的方法。“similarity,” therefore, is not the opposite of “difference,” but merelya generalization under which

11、 differences deemed minor are ignored, those deemed major are emphasized.Some writers seek to avoid misunderstanding by speaking always of “differences and similarities,” without recognizing that the phrase is redundant.It may well be also that the repeated use of the term “differences ” gives undue

12、 emphasis to the search for “contrasts. ” It therefore seems advisable to use the more neutral word, “variations ”. 相似性， 因此，不是相反的 差异 ，但只是一个下的差异当作次要的推广将被忽略，那些被认为主要强调。有些作者试图通过说话总是 差异和相似之处， 避免误解没有认识到这句话冗余的。很可能还重复的使用的 差异 给 形成了鲜明对比。 寻找过分强调看来因此最好使用的更中性词， 变化 。If the variations in diverse categories of phen

13、omena which explorers and travelers reported from the many areas of the world variations in such features as number, customs, occupations, and movements of people, in soils, land forms, and climate-showed no relation to each other beyond that of common location, geography would be little more than a

14、n organized catalogue or encyclopedia of facts about countries.如果在不同类别的探险家和旅行者从世界 variations 在数量、 海关、 职业和运动的人，在土壤、 等功能在很多领域报告土地的现象的变化形式，和气候显示对方之外，常见的位置并无关系，地理会多一点的有组织的目录或国家有关的事实的百科全书。Such an organized body of knowledge might satisfy the shallow curiosity of unsophisticated minds, and would be useful

15、 for business and statecraft, but it could not satisfy the desire for philosophical understanding.组织的机构的知识可能满足浅层的古朴的心目中，好奇心和对业务和经世，有用，但它不能满足的哲学理解的愿望。This intellectual interest has been present in mankind from the earliest recorded times. When travelers reported an unassorted and unrelated conglomera

16、tion of differences in diverse features in foreign areas, thoughtful scholars were concerned to organize these and explain them in terms of interrelations.这个知识产权的兴趣一直存在于人类，从最早记录时间。当旅行者报告 unassorted 和不相关的集团化发展的各种不同的特性，在外国地区差异时，周到的学者担心这些组织和解释它们的相互关系。If these early writers depended more on imagination

17、than on evidence, they were at least on the right track.There are significant interrelations among the variations in the diverse features of areas, and geographers at all times have been concerned to trace and demonstrate the connections that exist.如果这些早期作家更依赖的证据比想象，他们至少在正确的轨道上。 如果这些早期作家更依赖的证据比想象，他们至少在正确的轨道上。 有重大相互之间的地区， 有重大相互之间的地区， 在各种不同的特性变化的关系， 在各种不同的特性变化的关系， 在所有时间 地理学家一直关注跟踪并证明存在的连接。 地理学家一直关注跟踪并证明存在的连接。 专心-专注-专业