自考英语二--语法(共16页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上全国高等教育自学考试英语（二） 主讲人：胥国红北京航空航天大学主要内容 试卷分析和最新出题思路 重点语法 备考要诀及学习方法最新英语（二）试卷主观题统计数据 考题 满分 平均分 单词拼写 10 2.48 词形填空 10 2.17 汉译英 15 5.53 英译汉 15 10.75 总分 50 20.93最新出题思路（1）与课文的关系往年与课文有关的大题：第一、第四、第五和第六大题近年与课文有关的大题：第四和第六大题建议：熟读课文，掌握课文中的大纲词汇，特别留意课文中体现重点语法和经典句型的句子。(2) 与课文无关的大题：第二、第三、第七大题。文章选材：主要涉及社会文化、

2、风俗习惯、教育、历史、和生活常识等内容。建议：广泛阅读此类题材的文章，最好是中英文对照版本。推荐杂志：英语沙龙，大学英语，英语学习。 每道题的考点：第一题：词汇语法题主要考点：定语从句、名词性从句的引导词；状语从句的连接词；词汇辨析；固定搭配；常用句型。近年来词汇题比重增加。建议：通过学习教材上下册，熟练掌握基本语法，背熟大纲词汇，加强同义词、近义词、和形似词的比较，牢记固定搭配。历年试题举例：1. At the end of 1994 the British government introduced new measures to help _domestic workers from a

3、buse by their employers. A protectB suspectC expectDinspect 2. Im wondering why he hasnt turned _ at the meeting. A downB upC outD over 3. By using both ears one can tell the direction _ a soundcomes. A in whichB from whichC over whichD with which 第二题：完型填空题主要考点：除了第一大题已提到的考点外，还注重考察介词、连词、副词、代词等虚词的用法。近

4、年来词汇题比例有所增加。建议：“上看下看，左看右看”，即充分利用上下文提供的信息答题。历年试题举例： Colter was excited, so he told 17 about the place. 18 , the other people did not believe him. 17. A the otherB others C anotherD each other18.A Then B However C ThereforeD Consequently第三题：阅读理解题主要特点：文章体裁多为论述文，偶有记叙文，主要涉及文化、教育、风俗、历史、人物故事、社会问题、科普常识等内容，不

5、涉及太专业的内容。文章平均长度为300-350词/篇，总阅读量为1500-2000词。问题以细节题为主，其次是总结题，偶尔有一两道词汇题和推理题。题目的顺序和文章的顺序大体对应。第四题：单词拼写题往年考题：多选用考纲词表中的常用词，包括中学词汇，平均词长为6个字母。最新特点：最近一次考题中单词拼写几乎全部出自下册课文，以A课文为主, 单词长度显著增加，平均词长为9个字母，有5个单词词长超过10个字母，出现了两个超纲词，无一中学词汇。最新考题举例36. accompany (1A) 37. boundary (2A)38. capture (14A)39. decline (10A)40. em

6、ployee (4A)41. feasible (8A)42. heartbreaking (14A)43. grateful44. increasingly (6A)45. junction (15A)46. loyalty (10A)47. moderate (8B)48. overwhelming (10A)49. nominate (10B)50. participant (5A)51. persistently (14A)52. queue (14A)53. spontaneous (5A)54. reinforce (12B)55. undertake (13A)第五题：词形填空题

7、主要考点：谓语动词（时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致），非谓语动词（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词），形容词比较级，词性转换。建议：掌握扎实的语法知识，通过大量做题来消化这些语法知识，力求做到举一反三，触类旁通。历年试题举例1. Cancer research _ (make) all over the world in the past twenty years. (has been made) 2. The more stress you are under, the _ (likely) you are to catch a cold. ( more likely)3. It se

8、ems reasonable to assume that, other things _ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. (being)4. These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _ (specialize) in its function. (special) 第六题：汉译英主要考点：全面考察词汇、语法和句型的运用能力，多考虚拟语气、比较级、疑问句、强调句和一些固定表达方式。最新考题中有三道题直接出自下册课

9、文。阅卷要求：主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或重要用词错误扣1分；非基本语法错误（如介词、代词、冠词、大写、标点等错误）每两处扣1分；拼写错误每两处扣1分，本大题总扣分不超过3分。最新试题举例68一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。选自下册第9单元A课文后Word Study中appreciation的一个例句。主要考查定语从句和be qualified for 的用法。69随着研究技术变得更加先进，用于实验的动物数量将会大大减少。选自下册第11单元A课文最后一段的第一句话。主要考查as引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”。70那位生物学家相信

10、某些动物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。根据下册第14单元A课文后的翻译练习中的第6题有所改动。原话为“他相信某些植物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。”第七题：英译汉主要特点：综合考查词汇和语法，注意定语从句、状语从句、比较级、倒装句的理解。阅卷要求：根据总体印象打分，分为15-13分，12-10分，9-7分，6-4分，3-1分五个档次。只要译文大体准确通顺即可得分，不要求译得非常漂亮。结语知己知彼，百战不殆！ II. 重点语法复习n 动词时态和语态n 非谓语动词n 虚拟语气n 定语从句和名词性从句1. 动词主要时态和语态表一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动: do didwill do被动: are donew

11、ere donewill be done现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动: are doingwere doingwill be doing被动: are being donewere being done现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动: have donehad donewill have done被动: have been done had been done现在完成进行时 主动: have been doing动词主要时态的意义及运用 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, ove

12、r past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995 汉语提示语：已经，早已，了e.g. We havent met each other since last year. By the end of this week, well have finished the task. 现在完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直e.g. The water has been running the whole night. 过去完成时n said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。e.

13、g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2)hardlywhen, no sooner thane.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3)与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中e.g If I had tried harder, I would have won.I wish I had done better in the exam. 历年考题中的动词时态和语态1.So far, Irving _ (live) in New York City

14、 for ten years. (has been lived) 2.The patient _ (send) to another hospital before we got there. (had been sent) 3.The second half of the nineteenth century _ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. (witnessed) 2. 非谓语动词动词主要时态和语态一览表非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词一 般 式doi

15、ng主动, 正在进行被 动 式being done被动, 正在进行完成主动式having done主动, 已经完成完成被动式having been done被动, 已经完成 过去分词done被动, 已经完成 动词不定式一 般 式to do主动,将要进行被 动 式to be done被动, 将要进行完成主动式to have done主动, 已经完成进行主动式 to be doing主动, 正在进行非谓语动词作状语动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）He hurried to the rail station only to m

16、iss the train. （结果）分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）Being very tired, my father didnt go out with us. （原因）Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件）非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构n Hav

17、ing done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)n After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）n After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）n With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）非谓语动词作定语n If there is no choice, there is

18、 no decision _ (make). (to be made) n Do you know the man _ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing) n The question _ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed) n The bridge _ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built) 动名词和动词不定式 作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具

19、体某次的情况。e.g Rising early is good for health. To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me. It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.My biggest wish is to go abroad. Seeing is believing. 作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词：admit, acknowledge, avoid, deny, consider, enjoy, escape,excuse, forgive, finish, suggest, mind, i

20、nclude, involve, delay,put off, postpone, feel like, look forward to, be used to, beaccustomed to, etc. 接动词不定式作宾语的动词：want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to,seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin 接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：n forget, remember,

21、regretn stop, continuen need/ want n allow doing/ allow sb to do 1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time? Sorry, I forgot to lock the door. 2) I cant stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand? 3)The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut. 4)We dont allow smoking here. You are

22、not allowed to smoke here. 历年考题中的非谓语动词1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys _ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. (doing) 2. Anyone _(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (wanting) 3. It is a well-known fact that a person w

23、ill move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes _ (control) his direction. (to control) 4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals _ (use) in experiments may decrease. (used) 5. A life _ (live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed. (lived) 6. This

24、poem, if _ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense. (translated) 7. They may have their passports _ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. (removed) 8. Her body, with hands and feet _ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. (bound) 3. 虚拟语气第一

25、大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间 从句主句与现在事实相反 did/ wereshould/could/would + do与过去事实相反 had doneshould/could/would + have done与将来事实相反 were to doshould/could/would + do should do 第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气n would rather + 从句n wish + 从句n if only + 从句n as if/ as though + 从句n Its time + 从句第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省

26、略。n suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；n suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句； 3. important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容词用在it is that

27、句型中；4. lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。历年考题中的虚拟语气n If it hadnt been for your help, we _ (be) in real trouble. (would have been) n He would have given you more help, if he _ (not be) so busy. (had not been) n It is high time that we _ (take) firm measures to protect our environment. (took) n It

28、was imperative that students _ (finish) their papers before July 1st. (should finish/ finish)4. 定语从句和名词性从句定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句引导定语从句1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which, that, who, whom, whose2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how名词性从句名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if 2）连

29、接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how 定语从句和同位语从句的区别 The story (that) he told me may not be true. The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 2. 什么时候用介词which 的形式? The place which I visited last week is very beautiful. The pl

30、ace in which I used to live is very beautiful. 3. which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句 He is easy to get angry, which is well known. He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows.历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句1. Studies have shown _ teenagers often suffer from depression.A thatB whichC in whichD in that 2. It is a well-known fact

31、 _ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.A thatB ifC whenD whether 3. Very few people understood this contract, _ was very obscure. A the languageB the language of which C all it saidD which it had said 备考要诀 重视课文，英语一考上册，英语二以下册A课文为主，但是上册课文的语法和词汇是学习下册的基础。

32、吃透重点语法：非谓语动词、动词时态和语态、虚拟语气、比较级、定语从句，等。 背单词要讲究技巧，以大纲词汇为准，不要孤立地背单词，以词组为主，重视搭配； 加强阅读，选择难度适当的阅读材料，重在训练阅读技巧，提高速度和效率。推荐材料：1)大学英语自学教程（上下册），高远主编，高教出版社。2)大学英语自学教程自学与自测指导（上下册），高远主编，北航出版社。3)自考大纲4)全国高等自学考试英语（一）和英语（二）模拟试卷与应试指导高远主编，高等教育出版社。结束语Before God we are equally wiseequally foolish. (Albert Einstein) I. 每道题的

33、考点第一题：词汇和结构历年试题举例：1. At the end of 1994 the British government introduced new measures to help _domestic workers from abuse by their employers. A protectB suspectC expectDinspect 词义辨析2. Im wondering why he hasnt turned _ at the meeting. A downB upC outD over 搭配3. By using both ears one can tell the

34、direction _ a sound comes.A in whichB from whichC over whichD with which 定语从句Key: 1. A2. B3. B更多历年试题分类举例词义辨析：提示：词义辨析包括近义词和形似词，动词词组和介词词组的辨析。因此平时在背单词时要多作横向和纵向的比较。1 The students would not have made so much progress under less _ conditions. A popularB welcomeC favourableD prosperous2. Almost everything

35、a manager does _ decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. A imposesB improvisesC involvesD indicates3. American men dont cry because it is considered not _ of men to do so. A characteristicB tolerantC symbolicD independent4. In every major city there are more _

36、 apartments than there are homeless people. A blankB vacantC emptyD bare5. They claim that _ $150 million is to be spent on improvement. A sufficientlyB approximatelyC considerablyD properly6. I cant _ the meaning of this poem because its too vague. A turn out B put outC figure outD look out7. When

37、the city was _, everyone knew that total defeat was certain. A cut offB cut downC cut acrossD cut out8. Because of the reading _ in most college courses are very heavy, students should plan to read every day. A assignmentsB schedulesC activitiesD programs9. For long-time efficiency and happiness it

38、is best to observe the _ of health and sound working conditions. A principlesB ideasC elementsD factors10. Since we have a focused subject, we should not talk _. A at onceB at handC at intervalsD at randomKey: 1. C2. C3. A4. B5. B6. C7. A8. A9. A10. D搭配：提示：搭配主要涉及介词和名词、形容词和介词、动词和名词、形容词和名词等的搭配。因此学习单词时

39、必须掌握其固定的搭配。此外牢记大纲词表后列出的词组也会有很大的帮助。1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space _ which matter has fallen and _ which nothing can escape. A towardstowardsB intofromC out offromD throughthrough 2._ conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe and enjoyable form of exercise. A InB

40、OnC By D As3.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research _ binary star systems. A intoB atC overD under4.He has called a meeting of all parties with a _ to form a new government. A purposeB reasonC viewD goal5.These two areas are similar _ that they both have a high rainfall duri

41、ng summer. A exceptB soC nowD in6. his will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to _ on your class assignments and projects. A dayB dateC numberD time7.Some people think that animal research is irrelevant _ our health and that it can often produce misleading results. A withB atC

42、 onD to8. Not all patients would receive _ high level of individual care. A a suchB such a C so a D a so9. Such people _ you describe are rare nowadays. A asB thatC whoD which10. With the soaring of prices, a number of young college graduates cannot earn their living, _ supporting their parents. A n

43、ot to sayB to say nothing ofC not sayingD saying nothing of Key: 1. B2. A3. A4. C5. D6. B7. D8. B9. A10. B语法：提示：此题涉及的语法项很多，包括定语从句和名词性从句的引导词（详见重点语法）、状语从句的连接词、代词、语序、情态动词等。1. Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances _ at night. A itB themC the coffeeD the body2. Julie went to the _ to b