英美文学选读(共39页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Chapter One The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期埃德蒙斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser 1552-15991、生平出生在伦敦受过良好的教育：泰勒商人学校、剑桥的潘布洛克学校后来，在伊丽莎白女王一世的宠臣莱特伯爵的帮助下，渐渐走上高的地位，获得好的财富在猖狂的爱尔兰民族起义后，被迫离开他的基尔格尔摩城堡因饥饿与贫困，死于威斯敏特的一个酒馆中，被葬于乔叟（其导师）的墓旁2、创作生涯（1）抒情诗（2）传奇史诗仙后的构思、情节、内容、主题3、选读仙后The Faerie Queen代表作, 传奇史诗The masterpiece 创作意图

2、：通过创作“历史诗”，描绘出一个完美的典型的绅士 To present through a “historical poem”, the example of a perfect gentleman, 塑造遵守道德规范的绅士或贵族 To fashion a gentleman for noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline. 主题：残酷战争与忠贞爱情 The theme is Fierce wares and faithful loves(romantic)线索：亚瑟与仙后格劳安娜 Arthur and Gloriana, the Fair

3、y Queen 该诗充满了惊险情节，以及奇异之物：龙、女巫、施了魔法的树、巨人、城堡、以及角斗的骑士。 Its full of adventures and marvels, dragons, witches, enchanted trees, giants, jousting Knights and castles. 也是一篇寓言诗：红十字骑士神圣的美德，自我节制的美德，英国国教圣公会 Its also an allegory: the Red-Cross Knight represents Holiness, represents Temperance, and symbolizing t

4、he Anglican Church. 其第一段在很大程度上是该诗的纲领缩影 Its in a way an epitome of the whole poem.4、斯宾塞诗节的构成及特点 The main qualities of his poetry 完美的韵律、罕见的美感、奇妙的想象、崇高的道德纯洁性与严肃性、一种献身的理想主义 Perfect melody, rare sense of beauty, lofty moral purity and seriousness, splendid imagination, dedicated idealism.克里斯朵夫马洛Christoph

5、er Marlowe1、生平与创作生涯出生在坎特伯雷鞋商之家先后靠奖学金在王室学校和剑桥大学读书在剑桥大学期间，创作了帖木儿1584年后，深受文艺复兴思潮影响，体现在浮士德博士的悲剧具备了放荡不羁的热情和初入知识王国的青年所拥有的自负死于一次在酒店与别人发生口角而引发的械斗中2、著名悲剧（1）铁木耳大帝 讲述一个普通牧民铁木耳如何登上国王宝座，成为一个野心勃勃、残暴无情的鞑靼统治者的故事。 Its a play about an ambitious and pitiless Tarta conqueror in the 14th century who rose from a shepherd

6、 to an overpowering king. 通过刻画一个百战百胜的枭雄，表达了文艺复兴时期人们渴望获得无穷力量与权势的心情。 By depicting a great hero with high ambitious an sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.(2)浮士德博士的悲剧Dr. Faustus 马洛最伟大的

7、代表作The greatest of Marlowes plays讲述了魔法师浮士德因为渴求知识而将自己的灵魂出卖给魔鬼的悲剧， Its a play of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.赞扬了人对知识、力量与欢乐的热爱，It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中意识到这些渴求

8、要付出的代价。It also reveals mans frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order.选段是剧本的第一幕，是有关与魔鬼签协议的情节。The selection is taken from Art I which is about the signing of the bond.(3)马耳他的犹太人3、马洛的田园诗的主题与意象典型代表作激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘The Passionate Shepherd to His Love英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗Its considered to

9、 be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature继承了田园诗的风格It derives from the pastoral tradition诗中牧人享受着乡村生活，酝酿着对爱人纯洁的感情The shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cheering a pastoral and pure affection for his love.通过描写恋人在无世事尘嚣干挠的山野怀抱中，作者传达了一种不可言传的真情Strong emotion is conveyed through the bea

10、uty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern.4、思想艺术成就 great achievement完善了无韵诗体，使之成为英国戏剧中的主要文体形式。It perfects the blank verse and made it for the principle medium of English drama.英雄任务形象的塑造具有强烈个性和叛逆精神的主人公His creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama: full of ambition, facin

11、g bravely the challenge from gods and men.威廉莎士比亚William Shakespeare 1564-16161、生平出生于商人家庭1586（1587？）为了生计，到伦敦1591-1611， 创作的黄金时代 In the prime of his dramatic career其一生创作了38个剧本，154首十四行诗以及2首长诗。2、创作生涯（1）第一阶段：学徒期浪漫喜剧Comedies 错误的喜剧The Comedy of Error 驯悍记The Taming of The Shrew 维洛那二绅士The Two Gentlemen of Ver

12、ona 爱的徒劳Lovers Labors Lost 历史剧 History Plays 亨利六世（上、中、下）Henry VI 泰托尔安东尼Titus Andronicus 理查三世Richard III（2）第二阶段：其风格与手法都高度人文主义化了 His style and approach became highly individualized 通过勾画不同角色之间及现实与表演之间复杂的模式，By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance and reality

13、微妙地触及了各种各样的人性的弱点 He made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles 历史剧 History Plays 其历史剧的主题大都是：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的 His history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is necessary.理查二世、约翰王、亨利四世（上、下）、亨利五世 喜剧仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、无事生非、皆大欢喜、第十

14、二夜、翁莎的风流娘儿们 悲剧 Tragedies罗密欧与朱丽叶、泰利斯恺撒（3）第三阶段 悲剧 Tragedies 四大悲剧哈姆雷特、奥塞罗、李尔王、麦克白安东尼奥与克利奥佩拉、科里奥那斯、特洛伊勒斯与克利西达喜剧终成眷属、一报还一报（4）最后一个阶段 浪漫悲喜剧 Romantic Tragicomedies伯里克利、辛白林、冬天的故事、暴风雨最后的2部剧亨利八世、两位贵族亲戚4、部分作品赏析（1）威尼斯商人The merchant of Venice 表现了莎翁追求此生此世的幸福的人文主义新思想 His youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can b

15、e fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.（2）罗密欧与朱丽叶Romeo and Juliet 颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求 He eulogizes the faithfulness of live and the spirit of pursuing happiness. 字里行间充满了乐观的精神 Permeated with optimistic spirits 体现了理智的现实主义精神（个人与社会邪恶力量之间的尖锐冲突） It embodies the shar

16、p conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.（3）哈姆雷特Hamlet 剧中充满了险恶环生的情节与对生与死的极富哲理的剖析 Its fulfilled with the qualities of a blood-and-thunder thriller and a philosophical exploring of life and death. 剧作的魅力所在：融合

17、了阴谋、情感冲突、及对哲理与忧郁的探求 The timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy.哈姆雷特独特的角色，大段的独白是他当然的抒情方式，也是他释放痛苦与感情必需的方式（揭示了角色内心的思想斗争。） For such a figure, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish. (Sha

18、kespeare states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immorality.)剧中为我们揭露了一个腐败的宫廷，通过揭示无尽的权欲，篡位的恶行，暗藏的阴险动机，及掩盖罪恶欲望的面纱-表面上的谦恭客套，严厉地谴责了皇宫内的虚伪、背信弃义及腐败成风。 By revealing the power-seeking, the jostling for place, the hidden motives, the courteous, superficialities that

19、 the veil lust and guilt, Shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court. （4）暴风雨 创作后期的代表，所塑照的角色极富寓言性，典型地反映了他晚年对人生、对社会持的悲观态度。His final romance the characters are rather allegorical and the subject full of suggestion.Its a typical example of his pessimistic

20、view towards human life and society in his late years. (5)李尔王King Lear 不仅深刻剖析了罪恶比比皆是的社会危机，也批评了新兴资产阶级的利己主义。 Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism.5、戏剧的表现手法讽刺-乔装改扮是创造讽刺意味的重要方法 莎翁的无韵诗-雄浑

21、壮美 Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation Disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman beautiful and mighty.6、对莎士比亚的整体评价古往今来，没有一个作家能与他媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化的影响也上无法估量的。在他之后几乎所有英国文学家都在艺术观点文学形式及语言技巧方面都受到他的影响。He is above all writers in the past and in the present ti

22、me. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.弗兰西斯培根 Francis Bacon 1561-16261、生平其父是伊丽莎白女王一世的内务总管，自小享受门第的高贵和良好的教育事业巅峰期：詹姆士国王期间，他作为内务总管，后又当上英国法官最后五年，因被指控涉嫌受贿而被迫退出政界2

23、、创作生涯其作品分为三类：第一类：学术的进展 新工具 哲学类文章 The advancement of Learning New Organum his philosophical works第二类：文学作品literary works代表性的：散文集Essays 另有 新旧格言集Appophthagmes New and Old 1625、亨利七世的统治The History of the Reign of Herry VII 1622第三类：代表作品法律原理Maxims of Law法令使用读本The learned Reading upon the State of Use3、写作特点一

24、个实际而谨慎的人Bacon is a practical and prudential man为贵族青年们写作，教他们如何办事有效率并成功地进行社会生活Writes for the ambitious Elizabethan and Jacobean youth of his class and tells them how to be efficient and lame their way in public life.更重视自然界的公理与原则，认为人类的行为与思想都应该受它而不是人类的天性或人为制定的道德规范的约束。He cares more about axioms under the

25、 guidance of which man thinks and acts than human nature or morality.散文以简洁、紧凑、有力度而著名。His essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.4、部分作品赏析(1)学术的进展The Advancement of Learning 一部有关教育的伟大作品 Its a great tract on education 第一卷：盛赞知识的重要性 Highly praises knowledge 将神学与科学观察与实验区分开来，在科学领

26、域方面是一大进步。 He separates theology from scientific observations and experiments, thus making a great step forward in science. 第二卷：对学习的概述，阐明了在学术上学习的重要性。 A survey of learning, explaining its importance in scholarship(2)新工具New Organum 是对培根智慧与知识的最好展示。 Its the most impressive display of Bacons intellect. 主要

27、讲述在科学研究中应该使用归纳的推理方法。 The argument is for the use of inductive method of researching in scientific study. 展示了对自然真理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。 He shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholastics.(3)论学习 Of Studies分析了学习的主要目的，不同人采用能够不同的方法，以及学习是如何对人

28、的性情品格产生潜移默化的影响。It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.语言有气度并颇具说服力，结构简洁而紧凑，向读者揭示了对学习的自然客观态度。Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, reveal to us his mature attitude toward

29、s learning.约翰邓恩John Donne 1572-16311、生平出生于富商家庭，早期教育方式：家庭教育就读于牛津大学、剑桥大学1591年，伦敦法学院学习法律、语言、文学、神学1615年，由罗马天主教皈依英国国教1617年，写大量宗教训诫与宗教诗歌2、文学创作(1)诗歌：早期的爱情诗歌与短歌Early love lyrics: The songs and sonnets 爱情是诗集的主题 Love is the basic theme 对爱情的理想与讽刺挖苦 Coexists idealism and cynicism about love 其对爱情的理解是对中世纪精神之爱理论的叛

30、逆 Contrary to the medieval love ideal which merely put stress on spiritual love 塑造女性形象的方式：细腻地刻画了恋爱中的感觉与状态，而不去描写女性外在的美艳 On eulogizing a woman, he tells us very little about her physical beauty, his interests lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love. 晚期的宗教诗圣歌集Religious poems: Ho

31、ly Sonnets 圣父赞美诗A Hymn to God the Father 表达其对上帝的笃信与忠诚 Shows he is an assured faith in God （其他诗歌中则体现出他的疑虑与内心的斗争） There is always an element of conflict or doubt on other poets（2）散文著作，主要是布道文 prose works 文采华美，富有想象力，具有同他的诗歌一样的生命力与学术深度 Rich and imaginative, exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor and

32、scholastic complexity as his poetry. 布道文巧妙地表达了他个人对宗教经理的追求，而不只局限于上天注定的必然之事 They carefully contrived with a dramatic, irregular immediacy to express a concern with personal quest for religious experience rather than settled certainties. 其成熟的宗教作品的特点之一：沉迷于对死亡的描述 It is the obsession with death that chara

33、cterize his mature religious works3、诗歌的笔法特点戏剧性对比的暗喻In his poetry, he frequently applies conceits, i.e. extended metaphors involving dramatic contrasts其诗歌充满智慧与学识的灵光，但深奥难懂。Fulfilled with learning and wit, which provide certain intellectual difficulties.其诗歌具有强烈的现实主义气息，反映的不是诗意的画面而是现实的世界。The most strikin

34、g feature of his poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that, it seems to reflect life in real rather than a poetical world.4、玄学诗派与邓恩 metaphysical poets此类诗人的特点：具有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。 With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Eliz

35、abethan love poetry.采用简洁的措辞方法 Simple diction 反映了普通语言和强弱自然的节奏。 Echo the words and cadence of common speech.诗歌的形式通常都是：以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。The form is frequently that of an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself.玄学派诗人另有：赫伯特、沃恩、克拉肖、马韦尔、考利 Herbert, Vaughan, Crashow , Marvell, C

36、owley约翰弥尔顿John Milton 160816741、生平生于伦敦，其父是一位学者型商人就读于圣保罗学校和剑桥大学1632年起，6年时间（在其父亲的乡村宅邸中）潜心研究语言、文学、科学、神学和音乐1638年起，周游欧洲大陆（以完成他的文学事业所做的准备工作）1649年，为新政府（资阶）写文章捍卫共和国查理二世复辟后，遭迫害晚年双目失明，完成力作失乐园、复乐园、历士参孙2、文学创作(1)早期诗歌 the early poetic works利西达斯1637 Lycidas 献给剑桥大学同学爱德华金的一组挽歌集 It is composed for a collection of ele

37、gies dedicated to Edward King, a fellow undergraduate of his at Cambridge. 从对死亡的伤感，通过悔恨，发展到激烈的疑问、怒火、直至接受现实 The poem moves from a sad apprehension of death, through regret, to passionate questioning, rage, sorrow and acceptance.(2)中期散文 the middle prose pamphlets论出版自由Areopagitica 主张言论自由，反对当权的长老派的跋扈 It

38、s a great plea for freedom of the press 风格流畅平缓 Smooth and calm(3)后期史诗 the last great poems失乐园 1667 Paradise Lost 主题：人类的沉沦 The theme is the Fall of Man 贯穿了基督教人文主义的传统，意欲揭露撒旦的行为，并为上帝对人类的惩罚辩护。 It is intending to expose the expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men”. 在人类爱情与精神道德义务间的矛

39、盾中，展示了对自由与抉择的关心：屈从于上帝禁吃智慧果的命令以及对因爱情而叛逆的选择。 At the center of the conflict between love and spiritual duty lies Miltons fundermental concern with freedom and choice, the freedom to submit to “Gods prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love. 其诗作是想让读者明白圣经中不变的真理，即掌握天机的上帝

40、是公正的。 His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Bible. 意志上的自由是其诗作的主旨。 The freedom of the will is the keystone of his creed.3、选段失乐园欣赏暗示英国资产阶级革命也由于道德堕落、骄奢淫逸而惨遭失败。Chapter Two The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期约翰班扬 John Bunyan 1638-16881、生平出生贫寒，自小继承父业1647年结婚后，开始宗教生活1675年，在狱中完成天路历程2、作

41、品风格语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实3、主要作品罪人头目的赦免1666 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners拜得门先生生死录1680 The Life and Death of Mr. Badman圣战1682 The Holy War天路历程第二部1684 The Pilgrims Process Part II4、选读天路历程作品的主旨：让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自己的弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。Its the most successful religious allegory in the English language, Its pu

42、rpose is to urge people to abide Christian doctroies and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of socials evils. “名利场”的象征意义：象征一个金钱万能的腐朽社会。It sells all kinds of merchandise such as houses, lands, honors, titles, lusts and pleasures.It symbolized the society w

43、here everything becomes goods, and, can be bought by money.s亚历山大蒲柏 Alexander Pope 1688-17441、生平及创作生涯生于一个富有的伦敦商人家庭，全家信仰罗马天主教一生体弱多病与同行保持广泛的联系，创立文学俱乐部，培养了“讽刺”笔调2、时代观与文学观启蒙时期的代表人物The representative of the Enlightenment强调秩序与理性，并将其深入到他的作品中For him, the supreme value was order-cosmic order, political order,

44、 social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.3、语言风格讽刺、简练、通顺、优雅、平衡的风格，且用过英雄偶句诗体完美化His worked painstaking on his poems, development a satiric concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style and finally brought its last perfection the heroic couplet in his works.4、主要作品介绍群愚史诗The Dunciad最优秀的讽刺作品The best satiric work抨击了政府、社会道德、教育，甚至宗教领域的腐败及庸俗之风。Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, so