江苏高考英语一轮总复习定语从句考点复习精讲牛津译林版(无答案).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2019届江苏高考英语一轮总复习定语从句考点复习精讲牛津译林版定语从句 (Attributive Clauses)一：定义定语从句：由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导的从句，其作用是作定语，修饰主句的某个名词或代词，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句的位置一般紧跟在先行词后，但有时因句子结构需要，定语从句和先行词被某些成分分开。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 This is the girl who/that teaches us English (who/that指人，修饰先行词the girl，在

2、从句中作主语)1：先行词：被定语从句修饰的成分。定语从句先行词为指人、物、时间、地点、原因的名词或代词，有时也可以是整个句子。 Tom is a handsome boy. Tom is a boy who is handsome. I gave him all my money. I gave him all the money that I have. She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.2:关系词：连接被修饰的先行词和从句的词叫做关系词。关系词：关系代词：在句中代替指人或物的先行词，并在定语

3、从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的形式要与先行词保持一致；关系代词在从句 中作宾语时可以省略。关系代词有：who, whom, which, whose, that, as He has a house. + The house is very beautiful. He has a house that is very beautiful. Football is a game that is liked by most boys. Our monitor is the boy whose father is a lawyer. 关系副词：代

4、替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语， 不能省略。关系副词有when, where, why I will never forget the day. + We first met then. I will never forget the day when we first met. He didnt tell me the time when the meeting would start. The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. Do you kn

5、ow the reason why he cried last night? 关系词常有3个作用：1. 引导定语从句； 2. 代替先行词； 3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。3：定语从句分类 限制性定语从句：对先行词起限制、区分作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，这种从句不能省略，否则主句意思就不完整、不明确。翻译时一般译成前置定语，意为“.的”。 非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明或描绘作用，如果省略，也不影响主句的意思，主句也能独立存在，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时一般将主句和从句译成并列形式。He has two sons who work in the same company.

6、 (他可能不止两个儿子)He has two sons, who work in the same company. (他只有两个儿子)Do you know the people who live over the road?The accident, which took place in Kingston,happened because of the fog. 练习1：1. The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. A.they B.where C.what D.tha

7、t 2. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A.which B.where C.who D.that 3. The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us. A.which B.what C.whose D.that二 关系代词的用法 (一)关系代词引导的定语从句先行词关系代词从句中的成分例句人who 主、宾、表Do you know the man who the teach

8、er is talking to?God helps those who help themselves.Mr. Smith is a man who we should learn from.The actor is not the man who he used to be.whom 宾The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Liu.The boy whom she loved died in the war.物which 主、宾、表The vase which I broke yesterday was very expensive.The f

9、ish which we bought this morning was not fresh.Children like books which have pictures.人、物that主、宾、表A plane is a machine that can fly.Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.I dont like the novel that you are reading.whose定I have a friend whose father is an engineer.The room whose window fa

10、ces south is mine.as主、宾、表As I know, she hasnt got married.He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.(二)关系代词的用法(I) who与whom的用法 who与whom用于指人，who在定语从句中作主语、宾语。whom在定语从句中作宾语，在现代英语中，可以用who代替；但是，从句中的介词提到关系代词前，whom直接在介词后作宾语，不可用who。 The TV organizers had planne

11、d to find four musicians who could act as well as sing. He is the singer who/ whom you talked about yesterday.= He is the singer about whom you talked yesterday. The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Liu. 例题2：1. Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strength

12、s. A.whom B.who C.what D.which 2. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of are family members. A.them B.that C.which D.whom(II) which的用法 which用于指物，在从句中作主语、宾语, 作宾语，且不直接跟在介词后时，which可以省略。 The tree which is in front of my house is more than ten years old. Dont expect people to do things whic

13、h you would not do yourself. This is the pen which Im looking for. 例题3：1. Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world. A.when B.where C.which D.whom 2. The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2019. A.when B.where C.why D.which(III) whose的

14、用法whose表示“.的”，既可以指人，也可以指物，在从句中作定语，修饰名词。The house whose windows face south is ours.I like those books whose topics are about history. 例题4：1. A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. A.which B.whose C.who D.why 2. The book tells stories of the earthquake through

15、 the eyes of the those lives were affected. A.whose B.that C.who D.which() that的用法 that既可以指人又可指物，指人时可与who,whom互换，指物时可与which互换。that在从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语时，that可是省略。David was one of the most helpful students that we ever had.The girl that you saw yesterday was my sister.There must be something that happened t

16、o you.The student that answered the question was John.The book that you lent me was interesting.(V) as的用法 （1）as作为关系代词既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。as一般用于“such.as”“the same.as”“as.as”结构中。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory. He is not the same man as he was. （2）as还可以引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句的

17、内容，意为“正如，像” The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard. Thebridgeisreallywonderful,asis showninthepicture.(三) 关系代词that和which的用法区别(I) 引导限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词that的情况： 在以下几种情况下只使用that不用which。 1.先行词是all,anything,everything,noth

18、ing,something,none,little,few,much等不定代词或被不定代词所修饰,且指物时。 1).Itoldhimall(that)Iknew. 2).Hegavehereverything(that)hehad. 3). Anything that you have to say had better be said in each others presence. 4). You should hand in all that you have. 2.先行词被all,any,little, few, no, thevery（恰恰，正好）,theonly,thelast等修

19、饰时。 1).Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.2).Youcantakeanybook(that)youlike. 3). This is the very dictionary that he wants to buy. 4). Basketball is the only thing that interests him. 5). The only thing that we can do is to give some money. 6). This is the last train that will go to Suzhou. 3.先行词前面

20、有序数词时。 1).Dont trust the first sign that you see. 2).Thesecondplace(that)IwanttovisitisShanghai. 4.先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 1). Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihaveeverread. 2). The present time is the best gift that you can give yourself. 5.先行词既有人又有物时。 1).Weare talkingaboutthepersonsandthings(that)weremember

21、intheschool.2).Thepeopleandtheanimalsthatwerekilledintheearthquakehaveallbeenfound.3). She took photos of the things and people that she was interested in. 6.在Who,Which引起的疑问句中。 1).Whoistheboythathelpedyou? 2).Whichisthebook(that)youboughtyesterday? 3). Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

22、 7.若有两个定语从句，其中一个用which引导，另一个须用that引导。 1). Heboughtabookwhichcouldgivehimknowledgeandthatcouldhelp himtokillthetime. 2). They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. 3). Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 8.当先行

23、词是主句的表语，而关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时。 1). Maryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe. 2). Jack is not the man that he was. 9. 当主句以here, there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。 1). Here is the book that you have been looking for.(II) 当先行词指物或前面整句话时，定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况： 在以下几种情况下只使用which不用that 1. 在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。 1). Helen was mu

24、ch kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which made the others envy him. 2). Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikeverymuch. 2.先行词在句中作介词宾语且介词前置时。ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived. 练习5：1. I hope that the little I have been able to do has been of some use. A.what B.which C.that D.as 2. Theyve won their

25、last three matches, I find a bit surprising. A.that B.when C.what D.which(III)当先行词为指人的关系代词时,引导词只用who不用that。 1.先行词为all,anyone,one/ones,those,people时，须用who。 1).Anyonewhoknowshowtodoitcandoitnow. 2).Thosewhowanttoseethefilmpleaseputupyourhands. 2.在非限制性定语从句中，须用who。 1).Tomsfather,whoisoversixty,stillwork

26、shard. 2).He,whodoesnotreachtheGreatWall,isnotatrueman. 3.在被分隔的定语从句中，须用who。 AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman. 4.在以therebe开头的句子中，多用who。 Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeourheadmaster. 5.若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。 Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatstudiesveryhard.(IV

27、)关系代词as与which的区别 1.as引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时哈克插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容，而不仅是主句中的某一个词。 The weather turned out to be very hot, which was beyond our expectation. 2. 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前，只能用as。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. =The moon tr

28、avels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.=It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 3.从句在主句之后时，有些情况下as与which可以互换。 They were invite to party, whic

29、h/as was a great honor to them. He must be an African, as/which may be seen from the colour of his skin. 4.从句在主句之后时，只能用as或which的情况。 (1).当非限制性定语从句时否定句或表示否定时，只能用which。 We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was most uncomfortable. He came to my birthday party, which I didnt expect at all. (2).表达“正如

30、（情形或事实所表示的那样），像.一样”的意思时，通常用as， She is a fine singer,as her mother used to be. Things will turn out to be contrary to peoples wishes, as is often the case. 练习6：1. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, Meant spending tens of thousands o

31、f pounds. A.who B.that C.as D.which 2. is often the case, he didnt study hard and failed to pass the test. A. What B. Which C. It D. As 三 注意点（1） 关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可以省略。The boy (whom/that) you saw in the office yesterday was taken away by the policeman.Can you lend me the magazine (which/that) you talked

32、 about yesterday?（2） 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词。Mary is one of the teachers in our school who have been abroad.Mary is the only one of the teachers in our school who has been abroad.关系副词的用法一：关系副词指代的先行词及其作用先行词关系副词在从句中作用与“介词+关系代词”的关系表示时间的名词：time，day，year等when时间状语=at,in, on, during which 表示场所的名词：pa

33、rk，place，country，house等where地点状语=in, at, to,on, which表示理由的名词：the reasonwhy原因状语=for which二：when的用法1.when修饰时间名词，在从句中做时间状语。其先行词通常为time, day,year, morning, night, week等。常用on which, at which, on which代替。 There was one day when we went out in the way during a hunt and James was washed off the boat. April

34、the first is the day when people make fun of others.=April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where在从句中做地点状语。先行词通常为place, city, school, country等表示地点的名词。常用in which, at which, on which等取代。 Can you tell me the office where he works?=Can you tell me the office in which he works?3

35、. why在定语从句中做原因状语。可用for which代替。 why不可引导非限制性定语从句，此时可用for which。 This is the reason why he went away. =this is the reason for which he went away.（二） 关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写。 这里的关系代词只限于which 和whom。 I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time. =I will never forget the night on which I

36、met you for the first time. We dont know the reason why he suddenly fell ill. =We dont know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill. 注意:并不是所有的“介词+关系代词”的结构都可以用关系副词替代。 I am very impressed by the way in which he works.这里in which代表的是in the way，在句中作方式状语。只有当“介词+关系代词”结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和w

37、hy代替。注意：（1）当先行词是表示地点（如place,room, airport）、 时间（如time, day, year, month, week）、原因（reason）的名词，并且在从句中作地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where, when, why引导定语从句。但如果表示时间，地点，原因的名词在从句中不作状语，而是作主语、宾语或者表语时，则需用关系代词that或which来引导定语从句，而不是用where, when, why来引导。I still remember the day (that/ which) we spent together.Shennongjia is a be

38、autiful place (that/which) we all look forward to visiting.Is this the reason (that/which) he gave us for being late?（2） 当先行词为way时，定语从句关系词用in which， that或省略。 I didnt like the way (that/ in which/ ) he talked to me.（3）当先行词表示模糊或抽象的地点时，定语从句也用where引导，词类先行词有case，situation，stage，point等。 The incident has r

39、eached a point where both their parents should be called in.二：“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1: 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词既可以放在原来的位置上，又可以置于关系代词之前，与关系代词共同引导定语从句。“介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词+关系代词”结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to ,at, of, without等，关系代词只可用whom或which，不可用that，其中whom指人,which指物。 Give me th

40、e book whose cover is red. Give me the book the cover of which is red. Give me the book of which the cover is red. I want to find the pen which I wrote the letter with.= . 注意：from where为“介词+关系副词”结构，也可以引导定语从句（但不常用） We stood at the top of the hill, from where we could see the town.2:在非正式英语中，介词通常在定语从句的

41、末尾。 Art is the subject which I know a little about.3：如果介词正在定语从句的末尾，则whom和which能够被that代替，whom还可以被who代替。 Dad is a person who/whom/that I can easily talk to.4:当关系代词which或者whom作介词宾语并且介词位于定语从句的末尾的时候，which或者我后面可以省略。 He is a person whom I can share my feelings with.5. 某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系代词”结构可以跟关系副词w

42、hen, where和why互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. =This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? =Do you remember the day when you joined our club?（一） 关系代词前介词的确定 1. 依据定语从句中动词的某种固定搭配而确定。 Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he

43、spent all his money . We will visit Mountain Tai tomorrow, for which Shandong is famous in the world. 2.依据先行词的某种固定搭配而确定 There was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth. 3. 根据所表达的意思确定 The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen. The gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.（二） 关系代词的位置 介词在关系代词前时，只能用which和whom，不能用that代替，也不可省略；介词在句子后面时，关系代词用which，that,whom,who都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters.This is the drawer (which/that) I put my letters in. Have you se