衔接课-高中英语阅读长难句分析专题(共5页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上高中英语阅读长难句分析专题一、长难句的分类1. 带有较多成分的简单句。Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 译文：决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台

2、，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。解析：在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是womens magazine，而且还修饰television programs and stations. exact television同时修饰programs和stations两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。2|. 含有多个简单句的并列句。 In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful child

3、ren，but he was terribly unhappy.译文：在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。解析：在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he.3. 含有多个从句的复合句。I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer

4、lives.译文：我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。解析：在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：asresources.4. 含有多个插入成分的句子。 His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first he

5、ard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.译文：他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。解析：as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语，他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔

6、开了。 5. 并列复合句。 I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.译文：我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。解析：在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句，其中还含有一个让步状语从句。6. 特殊句式-倒装句和强调句有时候，有些句子会使用改变语序的手段，主要

7、以强调结构和倒装来使句子复杂化。正确掌握强调句型和倒装语法是理解这类句型的关键。It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help，but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world.译文：到那时候，我才意识到我并非真的来帮助他人，而是来了解和体验另一种文化，这种文化有助于提高我对生活和世界的理解。解析：该句主干用了强调句型 it was then

8、that I realized .，强调时间then。原句顺序应该是：I realized .then。在该句第二层结构中，即that引导的宾语从句中，又用了一个 not .but .句式连接。该句的第三层结构是culture后面that引导的定语从句，它修饰 culture。二、长难句分析步骤1. 首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2. 如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，

9、则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。3. 如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。4. 如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。三、长难句分析的注意事项在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：1. 是否有同位语和插入语。2. 是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3. 替代词的所指

10、对象。4. 判断并列成分的层次。5. 句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。6. 在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7. 非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。 8. 在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。四、经典高考真题实例分析 下面这篇文章共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平均每个句子大约有22个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。 A 38-square-m

11、ile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the islan

12、d belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.The mountainous 64-square-mile

13、 island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sund

14、ay, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.【解题分析】 1. 跳读插入语：请看文章第一段的第一句。第一步跳过插入语找出句子主干：Tristan da Cunha is the farthest inhabited

15、island in the world (Tristan da Cunha 是世界上无人居住的最偏僻的岛屿）；第二步理解附加的插入语部分：a 38-square-mile island（该岛面积为38平方英里，而且这是吉尼斯记录之一），这样该句话的意思就弄明白了。 2. 跳读非谓语动词短语：我们来看第一段第三句。首先跳过前面的非谓语动词短语，找出主干：the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred (该岛是英国领土，人口大约几千)。然后再来理解前面的非谓语动词短语：Discovered by t

16、he Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810（这个岛屿是在1506年被一个名叫Tristan da Cunha的葡萄牙海军上将发现的，Tristan da Cunha1810年开始有人居住）。通过这样分解难度，我们读得轻松，理解得准确。 3. 跳读分隔现象：请看文章第二段，这一段有35个单词，却只有一句话。因为该段既包括了分隔现象，又包含了定语从句，又有一个同位语，而且该句还是一个倒装句。如果从前到后按照顺序来理解，未免有点繁杂，抓不住重点。所以首先要跳过两个分隔符号之间的内容，同时也要暂时搁置后面的非限

17、制性定语从句，找出主干并把主干重新倒置过来变成正常语序：Easter Island is coming in a close second（Easter Island is coming in a close secondEaster Island是紧跟第二的最偏僻的岛屿）；然后再理解分隔符号之间的内容和后面的定语从句等附加成分：Easter Island 常常被误认为是最偏僻的岛屿，它在最临近的岛屿(Pitcairn Island)东面1,260英里，在南美西面2,300英里。 4. 跳读定语从句：定语从句在阅读理解中是很常见的，有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句用来限定所修饰的词，与之

18、关系非常密切，阅读时要特别注意两者的密切联系，跳过限制性定语从句找到主句后要马上回头理解它的含义，确定它与先行词的修饰关系。如文章第三段的第一个句子里就有一个限制性定语从句：who were lost at sea. 阅读时一定要注意它与people的密切联系：不是别人而是在大海里迷路的人五世纪左右在那里定居。而非限制性定语从句与所修饰的词关系不是很密切，主要起补充说明作用，它可能出现在主句中间，也可能出现在句尾。如果它出现在句中，阅读时可以跳过去然后再来理解，也可以一起顺便读过去。如果非限制性定语从句出现在句尾，那阅读时很方便，看完主句后附带着看一下就可以了，因为它只是对先行词的补充说明。如

19、这一段的最后一句：for which the island is most famous. 看完主句我们得知该岛与外界隔绝了一千多年，使得岛上的人们有充足的时间来修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附带得知该岛以这些石雕而闻名。 五、长难句分析实例1. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to

20、 begin.译文： 解析： 2. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four yearsloans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.译文： 解析： 3. What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment wher

21、e the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.译文： 解析： 4. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither j

22、ustice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.译文： 解析： 参考答案：1. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.译文：这些任务的结果通常都很重

23、要，这为做好工作增加了压力，然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开始和怎样开始。解析：这是一个并列复合句。在第一个并列分句中，有一个非限制性定语从句，但它不修饰outcome，而是修饰前面的整个分句。后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构，用it作形式宾语，实际宾语为带有连接副词的不定式短语。2. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four year

24、sloans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.译文：一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作，在暑假期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下5，000美元学费贷款，而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的事现在已经是很平常了。解析：分析本句应抓住其关键结构：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。it是形式主语，实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结构for a student to have $5,000 i

25、n loans after four years。这里应注意not unusual是双重否定，实际表示肯定含义。让步状语从句even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式结构中。破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。由于for到句末是一个完整的内容，因此翻译中将他们连在一起，而把it is not unusual分译。3. What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the te

26、chnology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.译文：这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境，在这种环境中，只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用，而不考虑提高客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。解析： 本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture，主语What emerges本身即为一个从句。在说明picture的介词短语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment，在这个定语

27、从句中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing，介词on后有三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语，分别为：managing，promoting和providing。4. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.译文：正义确定要求严惩凶手。常识也要求社会受到保护不被（恶人）侵犯。但是无论正义还是自我保护都没有要求我们处死已被监禁的囚犯。解析：三两句中的第一个词均为并列连词，他们起承上启下的作用。三个句子中各有一个that引导的宾语从句，最后一句中还有一个由whom引导的、修饰men的定语从句。专心-专注-专业