土壤优先流模型理论与观测技术的研究进展_盛丰.docx

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1、第 32 卷 第 6 期 农 业 工 程 学 报 2016 年 3 月 Transactions of llie Chinese Society of Agricullural Engineering 综合研究 关键技术 Vol.32 No.6 Mar. 2016 1 土壤优先流模型理论与观测技术的研究进展 盛丰，张利勇，吴丹 (长沙理工大学水利工程学院，长沙 410114:水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室，长沙 410114) 摘要 :优先流是土壤中常见的和重要的水流运动和溶质运移形式丨 :丨丨于土壤优先流的形成和影响因素众多、表现形式多 样，加之土壤优先流的快速非平衡特征明显以及土壤高

2、度的空间变异性，准确描述和模拟土壤优先流的时空变化特征一直 以来都是土壤水文学界的热点问题和难点问题 ,该文从优先流的定义、表现类型、形成和影响因素、模型理论与观测技术等 5 个方面综述了土壤优先流的研究进展，指出该领域今后的主要研究方向为建立土壤优先流的统一判别标准、提升优先流 模型理论的有效性、发展优先流的专用观测技术设备。文章对深入研究土壤优先流具有参考价值 关键词 :土壤 ;水 ，模型：优先流 ;大孔隙流 :指流 ：模型理论 :观测技术 doi： 10.11975/j.issn. 1002-6819.2016.06.001 中图分类号 :S152.7 文献标志码 :A 文章编号： 10

3、02-6819(2016) -06-0001-10 盛丰，张利勇，吴丹 . 土壤优先流模型理论与观测技术的研究进展 Jj. 农业工程学报， 2016, 32(6): 1-10. di: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.06.001 htlp:/www.tc.-sae.org Sheng Feng, Zhang Liyong, Wu Dan. Review on research llieories and ohservalion leclmitjues for preferenlial (low in unsaiuraled soilJ. Transactions

4、 of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of ihe CSAE) , 2016, 32(6): 1-10. (in Chinese willi English ahslract) 1 mm 的为大孔 隙，而 Beven 和Gemiannp7l 则将孔径在 0.033 mm 范围内 的孔隙界定为大孔隙；张家明等 |2指出无论是定性还是定 量，仅从孔隙尺寸来界定大孔隙是不充分的，还需要考 虑大孔隙的三维几何形态 ）； 2)排空大孔隙内全部水量 时所需要施加的压力（ :4058-4065. Li Huiyin

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19、a lignilic mine soil using iodine-slarcli slainingJ. Geoderma, 2004, 120: 121-135. 109 Posadas DA N, Tannus A, Panepucci H, el al. Magnetic resonance imaging as a non-invasive te(.*hni(jue for invesligaling 3-D preferential flow (!(rurnng within stratified soil sainplesJ. Computers and Eleoundary co

20、nditions, incorporating with the instability of infiltration front, affect the generation and development of preferential flow patterns. Because of the variety of preferential flow generating and impacting factors, and the diversity of preferential flow patterns, incorporated with the high-speed and

21、 non-equilibrium characteristics of preferential flow, the description and simulation of preferential flow is always the hot topic and big question in vadose zone hydrology. A variety of modeling approaches have been developed to describe preferential flow in soil. These are mainly continuum, discre

22、te, and fractal approaches. The continuum approaches are relatively simple and straightforward to implement, hut they are incapable of characterizing preferential flow paths caused by fingering and the spatial variability of soil properties. On the contrary, the discrete approaches have been success

23、fully used to represent field observations of preferential flow. However, the discrete approaches are limited to small-scale applications and the physical mechanisms underlying these approaches are still not totally clarified. To properly characterize heterogeneous water flow processes in the soil a

24、nd benefit from the combined advantages of the continuum and discrete approaches, models based on fractal theory are developed recently. While some previous field studies support the fractal approaches, in-depth studies have not yet been conducted on physical mechanisms underlying these approaches,

25、determination of the fractal parameters, relation between fractal parameters and soil characteristics, and efficiency of applying fractal approaches for representing practical preferential flow processes. To study the characteristics of preferential flow and to evaluate the efficiency of numerical m

26、odels for representing preferential flow, it is essential to visualize preferential flow from How background. For this purpose, a variety of experimental approaches, such as micro-tension measurement, acoustic sounding, breakthrough-curves, non-invasion tomography, ground penetrating radar, and elec

27、trical resistance tomography, have been developed. However, these approaches either require very expensive and preferential machines or consume too much of time and labor. With the advantages of low price, distinct visibility, high water solul)ility, and requiring no special detecting machines, trac

28、ing (e.g. dye tracing and iodine-starch staining tracing) experiments are increasingly applied to study the detail characteristios of preferential flow in both field and lahorator) Within all the dyes, the food-grade dye pigment Brilliant Blue FCF, which is with some other advantages as limited toxi

29、city and inactive, is most commonly used. However, as the dye is adsorbed by soils with high clay and organic carbon contents, iodine-starch staining tracing experiment is determined as a much more effective technique to visualize preferential flow pathways, as the anionic- properties of iodide ion

30、with high mobility and low adsorption even in heavy clay soils. Although preferential flow has received increasing studies these years, it is still far behind fully studied. Unifying the discrimination standard, increasing modeling efficiency and developing special equipments for preferential flow study are the main research directions in this Keywords: soil; water; models; preferential flow; macropore flow; finger flow; research theories; observation techniques field.