生物学专业英语期末考试知识点总结.docx

《生物学专业英语期末考试知识点总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《生物学专业英语期末考试知识点总结.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、精品名师归纳总结生物学专业英语期末考试学问点总结一、化学元素符号 （ 31 个）HHydrogenha.dr.d.n氢BBoronb.r.n硼BeBerylliumb.r.l .m铍CCarbonk .b.n碳NNitrogen na.tr.d.n氮OOxygen.ks.d.n氧FFluorine fl .ri.n氟NaSodium s.d.m钠MgMagnesiumm.gni.z.m镁AlAluminum .lu.mn.m铝SiSilicon s.l.k.n硅PPhosphorusf.sf.r.s磷SSulphurs.lf .硫ClChlorinekl .ri.n氯KPotassium p.

2、t.s .m钾CaCalcium k.ls .m 钙CrFeChromiumkr .m.m 铬Iron a.n 铁MnManganesem.g.ni.z锰CoCobaltk.b.lt钴NiNickeln .k.l 镍CuCopperk.p. 铜ZnZincz .k锌AsArsenic .s.n.砷kSeAgSeleniums.li.n.m.硒Silvers.lv . 银MoMolybdenumm .l.bd.n.m钼CdCadmiumk.dm .m 镉AuGoldg .ld金HgMercurym.kj.r. 汞PbLeadli.d 铅可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结二、数学符号

3、a2a square or a squaredb3 b cube or b cubedkju.b立 方c4c raised to the fourth powerf-1 f to the minus onemicronma.kr .n微米mmmillimetermili,mi:t .毫米mm2square millimetermm3cubic millime terkju.b.k 立方的cmcentimeter.sent.mi.t.r厘米cm2square centimetercm3cubic centimeter0.4zero or nought point fourn.t零0.01poin

4、t or decimal nought onedes.m.l 小数10.34ten point three fourdmdecimeter des.,mi.t. 分米dm2square decimeterdm3 cubic decimetermmeter m2 square meter m3cubic meterkmkilometerkm2 square kilometer可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结mL millilitermili,li:t. 毫升L literli:t .升g gramme r.m克mgmilligramme miligr.m毫克aacree.k. 英

5、亩ha hectare hekte. 公顷kgkilogrammekil .u r.m千 克t tonnet .n吨可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结三、期刊杂志全称与简写英文全称英文缩写中文全称Annual Review of BiochemistryAnnu Rev Biochem生物化学年刊CellCell细胞Annual Review of Cell BiologyAnnu Rev Cell Biol细胞生物学年刊可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The Journal of the Federation of American Society for Ex

6、perimental BiologyFASEB Journal（FASEB J ） 美国试验生物学联合会刊可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结European Molecular Biology OrganizationEMBO Journal （ EMBO J）欧洲分子生物学杂志Trends in Biochemical SciencesTrends Biochem Sci生物化学科学进展可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Molecular and Cellular BiologyMolCell Biol分子与细胞生物学杂志Journal of Biological

7、 ChemistryJ Biol Chem生物化学期刊Plant CellPlant Cell植物细胞Molecular PharmacologyMol Pharmacol分子药理学DNA Cell BiologyDNA Cell BiolDNA 细胞生物学Journal of Molecular BiologyJ Mol Biol分子生物学期刊BiochemistryBiochemistry生物化学Cell Growth and DifferentiationCellGrowthDiffer细胞生长与分化Methods in EnzymologyMethod Enzymol酶学方法Molec

8、ular MicrobiologyMol Microbiol分子微生物学Journal of NeurochemistryJ Neurochem神经化学杂志可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Progress in Biophysics & Molecular BiologyProgBiophysMolBiol生物物理和分子生物学进展可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Advances in Microbial PhysiologyAdv Microb Physiol微生物生理学进展Molecular Biology and EvolutionMolBioEvol分子生

9、物学与进化Journal of Cellular BiochemistryJ Cell Biochem细胞生物化学杂志Molecular Biology and MedicineMol BiolMed分子生物学与药学可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Federation of European Biochemistry SocietyFEBS Letters FEBS Lett欧洲生物化学学会联合会杂志可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Plant Molecular BiologyPlant Mol Biol植物分子生物学Journal of Molecular E

10、volutionJ Mol Evol分子进化杂志Analytical BiochemistryAnal Biochem分析生物化学Molecular ImmunologyMolImmunol分子免疫学Neurochemical ResearchNeurochemRes神经化学争论Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryMolCellBiochem分子与细胞生物化学Molecular Biology ReportMol Biol Rep分子生物学报告可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Proceedings of National Academy of

11、sciences USAPROCNATLACAD SCIUSA美国国家科学院院刊可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结四、作文1. Topic or title or head.2. Authors and their institutes.3. Abstract4. Introduction5. Materials and Methods6. Results7. Discussion8. References or literatures cited.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结A paper consists of 8 partsPart1.Topic or

12、title or head.主题 /标题 /头Part2.How to write a report or paperEnglish description英文表达Chinese narrative中文表达Concise and informative简洁而信息量丰富可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Authors and their institutes.（作者及其所在争论机构）Part3. Abstract（摘要）Part 4.Introduction（引言）The names of the authersThe affiliations and addresses of t

13、he authersThe e-mail address,telephone and fax numbers of the corresponding autherThe abstract is actually the first section of a report or paper, coming after the title and before the introduction. The abstract provides the reader with a brief preview of your study based on information from the oth

14、er sections of the report or paper.Order of typical elements included in an abstract: B=some background informationpresent tenseP=the principal activityor purpose of the study and its scope past/present/perfect tenseM=some information about themethodologyme.d. l.d. used in the studypast tense R=the

15、most important results of the study past tenseC=a statement of conclusion or recommendationpresent tense/tentative verbs/modal auxiliariesThe introduction serves as an orientation , .r.n.te.n for readers of the report orpaper, giving them the perspective they need to understand the detailed informat

16、ion coming in later sections.The introduction can be divided into five parts, or stages. In Stage , the author establishes a context, or frame of references, to help readers understand how the research fits into a wider field of study.Stage 1. Establish a setting for your research topic.Stage 2. Rev

17、iew the findings of other researchers who have already published in your area of interest. For this reason, Stage 2 is called the review of literature.Stage 3. Indicates an area that is not treated in the previous literature, but that is important from the point of view of your own work.作者姓名作者的隶属机构和

18、的址通讯作者的电子邮件的址,电话号码以及传真号。摘要实际上是报告或论文的第一部分,在标题之后,介绍之前。摘要为读者供应了一个简短的基于你的争论的报告或论文的其他部分的信息的预览。典型的摘要包括以下几个方面：B：背景信息（一般现在时） P：主要工作或目的（一般过去时/一般现在时 /现在完成时）M ：争论方法（一般过去时）R：本争论最重要的结果（一般过去时） C：总结引言作为报告或论文的读者定位,给他们的观点,这个观点的具体信息需要阅读后面的的部分。引言可分为 五个部分或阶段。在阶段中,作者建立了一个上下文或参考框架 ,帮忙读者明白一个更广泛的争论领域。阶段 1：建立一个你争论课题的背景阶段 2：

19、综述您感爱好的领域已经发表的其他争论人员的发觉。出于本缘由 ,其次阶段被称为文献综述。阶段 3：指出一个之前文献没有争论的领域,但你工作的视角对这个领域非常重要。阶段 4：正式宣布你的争论的目的。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Part 5. Method and Materials（材料与方法）Part 6. Results（结果）Part 7.Discussion（争论）Part 8.References or literaturesStage 4. Formally announces the purpose of your research. Stage 5. Indi

20、cates possible benefits or applications of your work.The elements included in the method section in the order in which they are presented are not fixed. Information elements included in method: Overview of the experiment design, population/Sample Location, Restriction/limiting conditions ,Sampling t

21、echnique, Procedures, Variables , Statistical treatmentMaterials may fall into any of the following categories:Laboratory equipment, Field equipment, Human or animal subjects, Natural substances, Fabricated f.brikeit制造的materials, Surveys, questionnaires and tests, Computer models, Mathematical model

22、sThe result section of the report presents the findings of the study in both figures and in written text. Figures graphs, tables, and diagrams present the complete findings in numerical terms, while the accompanying text helps the reader to focus on the most important aspects of the results and to i

23、nterpret them. Here, we concentrate on text, which usually consists of three information elements.Element 1: a statement that locates the figures where the results can be found;Element 2: statements that present the most important findings; Element 3: statements that comment on the resultsThis is th

24、e last major section of the report or paper, followed by the list of references. In the discussion, you step back and take a broad look at your findings and your study as a whole. As in the introduction, researchers use the discussion section to examine their work in the large context of their field

25、.阶段 5：指出你工作可能的好处或应用方法部分需要给出一下几个方面的次序,但是这个次序不是固定的,方法部分包括：试验概述。种群或样本位置。限制条件 ;抽样技术 ;步骤。变量。统计处理。材料可分为以下类别：试验室设备。场的设备。人或动物材料。自然物质。预制材料。调查。问卷。检测。运算机模型。数学模型。报告的结果部分要出现出本争论的发觉。包括数据和书面文字。数据 包括绘制的图、表和拍照的图在数值方面展现出完整的结果,而相应的文本能帮忙读者关注 的最重要的结果并赐予说明。在这里,我们专心于文字, 通常包含三个信息。信息 1：指出图中可以说明结果的位置信息 2：指出目前最重要的结果信息 3：结果的评论

26、争论报告或论文最终的主要部分 ,之后是引文列表。在争论中 ,你退一步 ,用宽敞视野注视你作为一个整体的争论和结果。正如在引言中 ,争论人员在大背景下用争论的方法检验自己的工作。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结cited（参考文献或文献引用）The order of Surname and Given name.姓和名的次序可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结五、 Glossary 专业术语Actin .kt .n肌动蛋白Chloroplastkl .r.pl .st叶绿体Cytoskeleton,sait.uskel.t.n 细胞骨架Centriolesentr.l

27、中心粒Chromosome kr.m.s.m染色体Mitochondrion,ma .t.k.ndr.n线粒体Chemotaxis ,ki.m.t.ks .s 趋化性Cytoplasmsa.t.pl.z .m 细胞质Nuclearenvelop .nvel.p核膜可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结nucleusnju.kl.s 细胞核Nucleoli nju:kli: .lai核仁Plastidpl.st .d 质体Chromatin kr .m.t.n 染色质cell cycle V 细胞周期cell wall细胞壁可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Cell me

28、mbrane membre.n细胞膜Prophasepr.fe.z分裂前期Telophaseti.l.fe.z分裂末期Mitosis ma.t.s.s有丝分裂Vacuolev.kj .l液泡Metaphasemet.fe.z分裂中期Ribosomera.b.s.m核糖体Meiosisma.s.s减数分裂Interphase .nt.fe.z分裂间期Anaphase.n .fe.z分裂后期Centromere sentr.m.着丝粒cytokinesis ,sa.t.ka.ni.ss.胞质分裂可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结haploidh.pl .d 单倍体Diploidd .

29、pl.d双倍体Nucleosome nju:kli.s.um 核小体Spindle sp.nd.l纺锤体Histoneh.st.n组蛋白Allele.li.l等位基因dominant d.m.n.nt 显性Recessive r.ses.v 隐性Gene 基因Genotype d.en.ta.p 基因型Phenotypefi.n.ta.p 表现型test cross测交可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结heterozygous ,he.t r.uzai .s杂合的law of segregation ,segr.ge.n 分别定律Homozygous ,h.um.uzai .s纯

30、合的law of independent assortment .s.tm.nt自由组合定律dihybrid crossda.ha.br.d双因子杂合子杂交Binomial system of nomenclature ba.n.m.l n .me.kl.t.双命名法可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Traittre .t 性状Big Bang 大爆炸Phylum animals fa.l .m 门clade kleid 进化枝,分化单位Kingdom 界Division plants d .v.n 门Order 目Class 纲Family 科Genus d.i.n.s属Spe

31、ciesspi.i.z种Taxonomy t.ks.n.m. 分类学taxon taxa 分类单位Bioinformatics生物信息学Phenome 表型组Genetics .ks 遗传学Genomed .i.n.m 基因组Genomics d.nom.ks 基因组学Transcript tr.nskr .pt 转录本Transcriptome 转录组Proteome 蛋白质组Transcriptomics 转录组学Protein pr.ti.n 蛋白质Metabolism m.t.b .l .z.m 代谢Metabolomics 代谢组学Proteomics 蛋白质组学可编辑资料 - -

32、- 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结六、翻译英翻中NO.1Cytoplasm: The dynamic, mobile factory细胞质,动力工厂可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Most of the properties we associated with life are properties of the cytoplasm.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidare nutrients,ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.Cytoplasms

33、a.t.pl.z .m n.细胞质 dynamicda.n.m .kadj.动态的生命的大部分特点表现在细胞质的特点上。细胞质中溶解了大量的养分物质,离子, 可溶蛋白以及维护细胞生理需求的其它物质。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结propertiespr .p.t.zn. 性能。特点nutrient nju.tr.ntn.养分物 ion a.nn. 离子Cytoplasmic,sait .upl.zmik adj.细胞质的 Soluble s.lj .b.l adj. 可溶的NO.2The nucleus: information central细胞核：信息中心可编辑资料 -

34、- - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and housesthe genetic material DNA on chromosomes. A pore-perforated sac called thenuclear envelope seperates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecu

35、les such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器, 细胞核对染色体组有 爱护 作用。核膜贯穿很多小孔, 小分子可以自由通过核膜,而象 mRNA 和核糖体等大分子必需通过核孔运输。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Nucleusnju.kl.s n. 核 eukaryotic ju.,k.r.t.k adj.真核的 via va . prep. 通过Organelle , .g.neln.细胞器 chromosomekr .m.s.mn.染色体Pore p .n. 孔pe

36、rforated p .:f .reitidadj.穿孔的 sac s.k n.囊Envelope env.l .p n. 包膜 ribosome ra .b.s.mn. 核糖体NO.3Organelles: specialized work units细胞器：特别的功能单位可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Orga

37、nelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells。A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit.During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of

38、mRNA,“ reading” the genetic sequceoncdeed in it and translating that sequence into protein. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacyarray of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough RER or smooth SER. Both types play r

39、oles in the synthesis and transport of proteins.Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules aremodified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in th

40、e cytoplasm.Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serves as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules.全部的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器, 每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体,内质网,高尔基体系,液泡, 溶酶体

41、,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组 成。核糖体沿着mRNA 移动并阅读遗传密码, 翻译成蛋白质。 大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。内质网,带有花边的一列生物囊,有管状,泡状之分, 以及光滑和粗糙面区分。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰, 包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。细胞中的液泡好象是中空的,但实际上布满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中, 储备水, 糖以及其它分子。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Specialized spe.laizdadj.特定

42、的endoplasmic ,end.upl.zmik adj.内质的reticulum r .t.kj .l .m n.网状组织 vacuole v.kj . ln.液泡Lysosomela .s.s.m n.溶酶体 plastid pl.st .dn. 质体可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Mitochondrion ,ma .t.k .ndr.n n.线粒体 mitochondria ,ma .t.k.ndr.n. 线粒体（复数）subunit s.b,ju:nit n.亚基coded kod .d adj. 编码的cellular selj . l. adj.细胞的 manufacture m.njuf.kt.v. 制造,加工lacy le .s. adj.花边的 array .re. n. 排列,一系列membranous membr .n.s adj. 膜状的 tubule tju.bju.l n. 小管。细管vesicle ves.k .l;n.泡 exportable .ksport.bladj.可输出的 Modified m.difaid v.修饰 Packaged p.k .d.d v. 包装Delivery d .l.v .r. n. 递送 vacuole