Unit1 Back to school 语法专题之句子成分讲义--高中英语牛津译林版必修第一册.docx

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1、 B 1 Unit 1 Back to school语法专题之句子成分一、 词的分类词类：英语中的词根据其形式特征、词义以及在句子中的作用可以分成十大类词类缩写形式用法例词名词n.表示人或事物的名称net 网代词pron.代替名词或数词等he 他动词v.表示动作或状态cut 割形容词adj.表示人或事物的性质或状态beautiful 美丽的副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征well 好数词num.表示数目或顺序one 一冠词art.表示名词的泛指或特指the介词prep.表示名词或代词与其他词的关系for 为了连词conj.表示连接并列成分的词but 但是感叹词int.表示说话时的感情或口气o

2、h 哦实词：名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、和数词能在句中独立充当成分虚词：冠词、介词、连词和感叹词不能在句中独立充当成分动词的分类情态动词助动词系动词实义动词及物动词不及物动词二、 句子成分：（sentence elements）组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、独立成分（感叹词、呼语和插入语）等。句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语句子的次要成分：定语、状语、插入语、同位语句子成分的表示方法：主语、谓语_、宾语、定语()、状语、补足语、表语 、同位语_, 独立成分1. 主语（subject）： 1）表示句子说的是“什么

3、人”或“什么事” 2）常用的作主语的词类有：名词（名词化的其他词类）、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词性词组和从句The boy comes from America.（名词）He usually went to school alone.（代词）Two of us will attend the conference. 我们中有两个人要参加这次会议。（数词）The young should help the old. 年轻人应该帮助年老的人。（名词性词组）Studying English is very important. （动名词）To teach him a lesson seems

4、quite necessary. （不定式）That he won the prize excited everyone.（从句）It is important for us to have our dreams.（It形式主语）2. 谓语（verb/predicate）：说明主语的动作、状态和特征（“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”）1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成He practices running every morning.2）复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成情动/助动+动原 You may keep the book for two weeks.系动词+表语 H

5、e has caught a bad cold.*在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分！His parents are teachers.The sun rises in the east.We have finished reading the book.You ought to work harder.I felt cold.He doesnt like music.3. 宾语（object）：表示动作、行为的对象。有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。凡是能作主语的词类都可以作宾语。动作的承受者动宾I like China. （名词

6、）We should help the old and the poor. （形容词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.双宾语间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man some money.同源宾语He dreams a dream. 他做了个梦。复合宾语

7、（宾+补）We must keep our dormitories clean. 我们必须保持宿舍干净。4. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。作表语的可以是名词、介词短语、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等。My wallet is on the desk.（介词短语）The book isnt mine.（代词）The leaves turn yellow in fall.（形容词）He has become a police officer.（名词）My suggestion is that we should start at onc

8、e.（从句）My suggestion is to leave at once.（不定式）His speech was boring.（分词）The whole class got excited at the good news.（分词）?常见的系动词有：（1）is，am，are，was，were，have/has been等；（2）look（看起来），feel（觉得，摸起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来）等；（3）become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run（4）keep, remain, stay, lie,

9、 stand ；（5）seem, appear.5. 定语（attributive/attribute）：修饰或限制名词或代词，“的”。可以作定语的词有形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、介词短语、分词等。Yan Ling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介宾结构)T

10、he boys playing football are in Class 2.（现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词） I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定语从句）前置定语：可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式等。后置定语：可以充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing短语、动词-ed短语、从句等。6. 同位语（appositive）：

11、对句子中某一成分作进一步解释说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常置于被说明的词之后。可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词和从句等。The English Department has two foreign teachers, an Australian and an American.（名词作同位语）This term we each bought an e-dictionary.（代词作同位语）They three are all three-good students.（数词作同位语）The news that we are having a holiday i

12、s true. （从句作同位语）7. 状语（adverbial）：用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词和名词等。其位置多位于句首或句尾，但表频率或程度的副词应位于句中be动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实义动词之前。地点和时间应按先小后大的顺序。He did his homework carefully at home.（副词、介词短语）When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（句子作状语）He lost his job due to his lac

13、k of patience.（介词短语作状语）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（不定式作状语）Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.（现在分词、介词短语作状语）Brought up in the country, he finds it hard to adjust himself to city life.（过去分词作状语）8. 补足语（complement）：补足语分为宾语补足语（object complement）和主语补足语（subject complement），是

14、用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式等皆可作补足语。They elected John monitor.（名词作补足语）He treated his mistake as a joke.（介词短语作补足语）I think it wrong of him to decline my offer.（形容词作补足语）We heard her singing a song.（现在分词作补足语）He told me to make my own decision.（不定式作补足语）He watched an insect caught

15、by a bird.（过去分词作补足语）9. 独立成分（Independent Parts）：与句子没有关系或关系很松、独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。感叹词、呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。1）感叹词 (Exclamation)：感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。Well, lets end the discuss. 好了，我们结束讨论吧。Oh, my god. 噢，天哪。2）呼语 (the Vocative)：呼语作独立成分，可位于句首、句中或句尾。Baby, come here to my side. 宝贝，到我这边来。Ladies and gentlemen, Ive got an

16、 important announcement to make. 3）插入语 (the Parenthesis)：英语中的插入语一般对一句话作一些附加的说明。通常与句中其它部分没有语法上的联系，将它删掉之后，句子结构仍然完整。插入语在句中有时是对一句话的一些附加解释、说明或总结；有时表达说话者的态度和看法；有时起强调的作用；有时是为了引起对方的注意；还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用；也可以承上启下，使句子衔接得更紧密一些。掌握这一语言现象不仅有利于对英语句子的理解，还有利于提高写作的水平。Whats more, their parents allow them to stay out. 此外，

17、他们的父母允许他们呆在户外。This, I think, is the best way to help them. 我认为这是帮助他们的最好的方法。Im not a good cook, you see. 你知道我不太会做菜。指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The pen writes well.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. He asked me to sit down.6. His

18、job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. Mr. Zhang, our headmaster, is a kind man.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. The girl in a yellow dress came to ask me for adv

19、ice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Our dream has come true.15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.16. How many people do you say died in the accident?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.答案1. 状语 2. 间接宾语，直接宾语 3. 谓语，状语 4. 定语 5. 宾补 6. 定语，表语 7. 宾语，状语 8. 谓语，主语 9. 同位语 10. 主语，表语 11. 谓语，宾语，状语 12. 定语，宾语 13. 形式宾语，真正的宾语 14. 表语 15. 状语，状语 16. 插入语 17. 状语，状语 18. 表语，宾补 19. 宾补 20. 表语第 5 页 共 5 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司