高考英语二轮语法知识点讲义.docx

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1、高考英语语法知识点有哪些高考英语语法知识点有哪些1、名词 (1)可数名词及其单复数 (2)不可数名词 (3)专有名词 (4)名词所有格 2、代词 (1)人称代词：主格和宾格形式 (2)物主代词：形容词与名词性形式 (3)反身代词：myself, himself, ourselves, etc. (4)指示代词 this, that, these, those (5)不定代词 some, any, no, etc. (6)疑问代词 what, who, whose, which, etc. 3、数词 (1)基数词 (2)序数词 4、介词和介词短语词：汇表中所列介词的基本用法 5、连词：词汇表中所

2、列连词的基本用法 6、形容词 (比较级和最高级) (1)作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法 (2)比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级)的基本用法 构成 -er, -est; more, the most 基本句型 as+原级形式+as. . . not as ( so)+原级形式+as. . . 比较级形式+than. . . the+最高级形式+. . . in ( of). . . 7、副词 (比较级和最高级) (1)表示时间、地点、方式、程度等的基本用法 (2)疑问副词when, where, how (3)比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级) 构成 -er, -est; more, t

3、he most 基本句型 as+原级形式+as. . . not as ( so)+原级形式+as. . . 比较级形式+than. . . the+最高级形式+. . . in ( of). . . 8、冠词：一般用法 9、动词 (1)行为动词或实义动词 ：及物动词 不及物动词 (2)连系动词 be, look, turn, get, bee, etc. (3)助动词 be, do, have, shall, will, etc. (4)情态动词 can, may, must, need, etc. 10、时态 (1)一般现在时 I get up at six oclock every mo

4、rning. He doesnt speak Russian. They are very busy. The moon moves round the earth. When you see him, tell him to e to my place. Ill go to see you tonight if Im free. (2)一般过去时 I was in Grade One last year. I got up at five yesterday. (3)一般将来时 shall ( will)+动词原形 I shall ( will) go to your school tomo

5、rrow afternoon. She will be here tomorrow. be going to+动词原形 Im going to help him. (4)现在进行时 Were reading the text now. Theyre waiting for a bus. (5)现在完成时 I have already posted the letter. They have lived here for ten years. (6)过去进行时 We were having a meeting this time yesterday. The teacher was talkin

6、g to some parents when I saw her. (7)过去完成时 We had learned four English songs by the end of last year. The film had already begun when I got to the cinema. She said that she had not heard from him since he left Beijing. (8)过去将来时 He said he would go to the cinema that evening. Betty said she was going

7、 to visit her uncle next Sunday. 11、被动语态 (一般现在时，一般过去时，含有情态动词，一般将来时) (1)一般现在时的被动语态 English is taught in that school. (2)一般过去时的被动语态 The song was written by that worker. (3)一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态 She must be sent to hospital at once. (4)一般将来时的被动语态 The homework will be done in two hours . 12、非谓语动词 (1)动词不定式 (全部

8、掌握) 作主语 To learn a foreign language is not easy. It is not easy to learn a foreign language. 作宾语 They began to read. 作宾语补足语 Jim asked me to help him with his lessons. We often heard her sing. 作定语 I have an important meeting to attend. 作状语 She went to see her grandma yesterday. 用在how, when, where, wh

9、at, which等之后 I dont know how to use a puter. Do you know when to start? He didnt know what to do next. (2)动词的-ing形式 (3)动词的-ed形式 13、构词法 (1)合成法：classroom, something, reading-room (2)派生法：worker, drawing, quickly, careful, kindness, cloudy, unhappy (3)转化法：hand (n. )hand (v. ) dry ( adj. )dry ( v. ) (4)缩

10、写和简写 14、句子种类 (1)陈述句 (肯定式和否定式) (2)疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句 (3)祈使句(肯定式和否定式) (4)感叹句 15、句子成分 (1)主语 Betty likes her new bike. He gets up early every day. To learn a foreign language is not easy. (2)谓语(主谓一致) We work hard. The boy caught a bird. He is my brother. They all look fine. (3)表语 Her sister is

11、a nurse. Its me. Im ready. He got angry. We were at home last night. His cup is broken. (4)宾语 Tom bought a story-book. I saw him yesterday. He wanted to have a cup of tea. (5)直接宾语和间接宾语 He gave me some ink. Our teacher told us an interesting story. (6)宾语补足语 Call her Xiao Li. You must keep the room cl

12、ean. John asked me to help him. (7)定语 This is a green jeep. This is an apple tree. Are these students your classmates? Winter is the coldest season of the year. I have something to tell you. (8)状语 You are quite right. She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. He stopped to have a look. 16、简单句的基本句型 第一种：主

13、语+连系动词+表语 ( S+V+P) The bike is new/in the room . 第二种：主语+不及物动词 ( S+V) He swims. 第三种：主语+及物动词+宾语 ( S+V+O) Children often sing this song. 第四种：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ( S+V+IO+DO) She showed her friends all her pictures. 第五种：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ( S+V+O+C) We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 第六种：there be句型 17、主谓

14、一致 Did you go to the show last night? Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area_invited A.were B.have been C.has been D.was 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据问句的时态可知此处时态用一般过去时。And连接的单数可数名词作主语，其前用every，each，no，many a等来修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式，故本题选D。A项主谓一致错误;B项时态、主谓一致错误;C项时态错误。 18、并列复合句 He likes maths, but he needs help. I hel

15、p him and he helps me. 19、主从复合句 (1)宾语从句 He said ( that) he felt sick. I take back what I said. I dont know whether ( if) she still works in the factory. I cant tell who is there. Can you tell me where the Summer Palace is? (2)状语从句 The train had left when I got to the station. Ill go with you to the

16、cinema this afternoon if Im free. The students went to the farm because the farmers needed some help. The earth is bigger than the moon. He was so tired that he couldnt walk on. Jack worked hard so that he might get a good job. Doctor Wang went to the hospital though it rained heavily. (3)定语从句 Find

17、the girl who is wearing a red skirt. Show me the picture that you like best. Colour the birds which ( that) are flying. (4)主语从句 (5)同位语从句 (6)表语从句 20、直接引语与间接引语 “ I will go to Shijiazhuang tomorrow”，mom said . Mom said she would go to Shijiazhuang the next day . 21、省略 一、祈使句自然可省去主语，如： Leave him in peace

18、! 不要去打扰他! Come at one oclock sharp. 准一点钟来。 Listen to me, children! 听我讲，孩子们! Look both ways before you cross the road. 过马路之前要向两边看看。 二、除祈使句外，还有其他省去主语的情况，如： Dont know. 我不知道。(省去主语I) Beg your pardon. 请原谅。(省去主语I) Had a good time, didnt you?玩得很好，不是吗?(省去主语you) Doesnt look too well. 他脸色不大好。(省去主语he或she) Looks

19、 like rain. 像是要下雨了。(省去主语it) 三、Must be somebody waiting for you. 一定是有人在等你。 Appears to be a big crowd in the hall. 大厅里似乎有一大群人。 22、倒装 一、全部倒装 全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首， 谓语动词常用be, e, go, lie, run。例如： 1) There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。 2) Then

20、came the chairman.然后主席就来了 3) Here is your letter.这是你的信。 2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： 1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。 2) Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： 1) Here he es. 他来了。 2) Away they went.他们走了。 二、部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之

21、前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。例如： 1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。 2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。 3) Not until the child fell a

22、sleep did the mother leave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。 注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如： 1) I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。 2) The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。 2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有：not , never , seldom , scarcely , b

23、arely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly when , no sooner than 等。例如： 1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。 3) No sooner had she

24、 gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。 注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如： Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。 3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如： 1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack.Tom能说法语，我也能。 2) I

25、f you wont go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如： 1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。 2) -Its raining hard.-So it is.-雨下得很大。-的确很大。 4.only放在句首，强调状语(副词，介词短语或状语从句等)，全句语序要部分倒装。例如： Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方

26、法才能学好英语。 Only after being asked three times did he e to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。 注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。 三、as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词， 副词， 分词， 实义动词提前)。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词;2) 句首是实义动词， 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义

27、动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如： Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。 注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。 四、其他部分倒装 1. so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如： So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。 2.在

28、某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如： May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。 3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如： Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再试一次。 23、强调 一、强调句型 为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语、或状语)，常用强调句型：It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who) 表示强调的 it 在句子中作主句的主语;被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语;强调的主语如果是人

29、，that和who都可用。如： Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace. 强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night. 强调宾语：It was a film that I saw in the Youth Palace last night. 强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night. 强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a fil

30、m in the Youth Palace. 另外，还要注意下面几点： 1)在强调主语时，that 后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的一致。如： It is I who am a teacher. 2)即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数。如： It is they who often help me with my lessons. 3)在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不能用when，where，why或 how ，而要用that 。如： It was because her mother was ill that she didnt go with us. It was

31、 only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty. It was the house that the murder happened. 4)在强调not until 结构中由 until 短语(或从句)表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型：It is(was) not until that 注意此时原句的notuntil要变成not until ，that 从句中的谓语动词要用肯定式。如： My father didnt e home until 12 oclock last nigh

32、t. It was not until 12 oclock last night that my father came home. I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 5)原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来的各种时态，用It isthat (who);如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It w

33、as that(who) 6)在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序。that后面的原句其余部分在移走了被强调部分后词序及词形都不可以改动。如： Did this happen in Beijing? Was it in Beijing that this happened? 7)特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“疑问词+is (was) it that? 如： Where were you born? Where was it that you were born? 8)强调句型容易和句型It is/was+名词+that名词从句混淆。如果把构成强调句型结构的词

34、It is (was) that(who) 去掉，被强调部分归位后，应该能够形成一个完整 的句子(这也是判断是否是强调句型的方法)。但后者的It is/wasthat 是不可去掉的，否则that前的名词就找不到位置，原句也不再成立，如下面这个句子如去掉It is/wasthat就不再完整： It was the rule of the school that the pupils should wear their school uniforms. 强调句型还容易跟It is/was+形容词+that名词从句这一句型混淆。如：It is clear (obvious, true, possib

35、le, certain) that 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为”清楚(显然， 真的， 肯定)”是主语从句最常见的一种结构。 It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree. That hes round and tall like a tree is very clear. 9)强调句可以用作宾语从句。如： He told me that it was because he was late for class that he was punished. I really cant remem

36、ber where it was that I first met the man. 10)强调句型可有如下变体：It is/was变成“情态动词+be”。如： It may be my bike that he is riding. It must have been the manager that spoke to you. 11)与疑问词连用构成特殊疑问句和感叹句。如： Whom was it that Mr. Smith saw in the park yesterday? Why is it that silver is not widely used as a conductor

37、? What a beautiful picture it is that you have drawn! 12)被强调的名词或代词可带有一个定语从句。如： Was it Bill, who plays football well, that helped the blind man cross the road? It was in the school, where(or：in which) I once studied, that we hold a party. Was it in the house, which we visited last year, that the murd

38、er happened? 二、用助动词do或其变化形式does，did来强调句中谓语动词，用来加强陈述句和祈使句的语气，译作“的确”，“一定”，“确实”。如： He did send you a letter last week. Were pleased that she does intend to e. Do write to me when you get there. 三、用倒装句来加强语气。如： Only in this way can we solve this problem. Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapo

39、ns. Proud as these nobles are, they are afraid to see me. In front of the farmhouse there sat a little boy. 四、用形容词， 副词或者否定词very, never, ever, even, still , single，simply, just ,only, too等来表示强调。如： At that very monent he heard a cry for help. I cant even remember the name of that old friend of mine. N

40、ot a single person has been in the office this afternoon. You are the only person here who can speak Chinese. This is just what I wanted. 五、用what引导的名词性从句或wh-疑问词+ever构成的复合词引导的状语从句来强调从句中的主语，宾语或状语等。如： What Mary does every day is to give piano lessons. Whenever you e to me, you can e right in. 六、反复使用同一个

41、词来加强语气 ，可反复使用词的一般是动词， 副词，形容词和名词。如： He worked (and) worked until late at night. They walked for miles and miles. Ill never, never forget you. 七、 用“at all”，“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the

42、sun”等来加强疑问或否定语气。如： Where in the world did you go just now ? What on earth are you doing? Shes not in the least angry with me. The clerk is not at all fit for the post. 八、用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感。如： How interesting a story it is! 九、 用反身代词表示强调 。如： I myself will see her off at the station. You can do it w

43、ell yourself. 十、用破折号、黑体字也可以表示强调，加强语气： Its because of hard workten years of hard work. 24、虚拟语气 1) 概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 2) 在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 真实条件句 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。 时态关系 句型：条件从句主句 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 I

44、f he es, he will bring his violin. 非真实条件句 1)时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a.同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ：条件从句主句 一般过去时should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you. b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。 句型：条件从句主句 过去完成时should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had e yesterday, I should / would have told him about it