2021高考英语大一轮复习语法专题1名词和冠词课件新人教版.pptx

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1、语法专题一名词和冠词语法专题一名词和冠词考点二-2-高考感悟考点归纳1.(2019全国,语篇填空)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing.belief该空前有冠词a,应填名词,所以填belief,后面的that引导的是同位语从句。2.(2019全国,语篇填空)Of nineteen recognized

2、polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.the该空后为名词成分,根据语境及空格前的of可知存在限定范围,故填the。考点二-3-高考感悟考点归纳3.(2019全国,语篇填空)When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was joke.ajoke是单数可数名词,根据句意可知此处是泛指,所以填a。4.(2019全国,语篇填空)When they wer

3、e free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting (compete) to watch,together with the story behind petition根据前面的an interesting可知,所填的词是名词形式,所以填competition。5.(2018全国,语篇填空)The study showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and

4、 early deaths from all (cause).causescause是可数名词,根据前面的修饰语all可知,该名词要用复数形式。考点二-4-高考感悟考点归纳6.(2018全国,语篇填空)This switch has decreased (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.pollutiondecrease“减少”,是及物动词,后接名词做宾语,故填pollution。7.(2018全国,语篇填空)Unexpectedly,Im

5、face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at top of her lungs.theat the top of her lungs“大声喊叫”,为固定搭配。8.(2017全国,语篇填空)She is determined to carry on with her (educate).education根据此处句意及空前的her可知,educate需用名词形式。考点二-5-高考感悟考点归纳9.(2017全国,语篇填空)She has turned down several _ (invitation) to star at show

6、s in order to concentrate on her studies.invitations她拒绝了好几个邀请,所以invitation要用复数形式。10.(2017全国,语篇填空)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads.crowds根据前面的terrible可知,这里用名词crowd的复数形式,表示“人群”。11.(2017全国,语篇填空)This included building a strong roof over top

7、.the这里特指地铁的顶部。意思是在地铁的顶部建了一个坚固的顶棚。考点二-6-高考感悟考点归纳12.(2017全国,语篇填空)Instead,she is earning 6,500 a day as model in New York.aas a model “作为一名模特”。13.(2016全国,语篇填空)Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.studies根据后面的谓语动词show可知,此处主语要用复数形式,用studies。以辅音字母+y

8、结尾的名词变复数时需要将y变为i再加-es。14.(2016全国,语篇填空)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of (achieve).achievementof为介词,后面用名词形式。15.(2016全国,语篇填空)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy.afor a while “一会儿”,为固定搭配。考点二-7-高考感悟考

9、点归纳一三二四五六一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化考点二-8-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六考点二-9-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六注意以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿,即heroes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe变成v,再加-es。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,k

10、nives,leaves,shelves, wolves,halves。但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以变f为v再加-es,也可以直接加-s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:woman doctorwomen doctors考点二-10-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.不规则变化常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列; fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时

11、,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子childrenman男人menfoot脚,英尺feettooth牙teethmedium传播媒介mediamouse老鼠micephenomenon现象phenomena考点二-11-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺等。有些固定搭配

12、中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give ones regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌等。考点二-12-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、不可数名词1.不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter, baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage

13、,luck, music,milk,meat,production,permission,rice,soup,wealth,health, English,America 等。Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time.财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。考点二-13-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。例如:work“工作”(不可数),“作品;著作”(可数);glass“玻璃” (不可数),“杯子”(可数);room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数); expe

14、rience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。考点二-14-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六名词所有格表示所属关系,它分-s所有格和of所有格两种形式。1.-s所有格多用来表示有生命的东西。Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-s或;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-s或。考点二-15-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六Toms and Jims

15、rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间Tom and Jims room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers在理发店at the teachers在老师办公室考点二-16-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格。From the top of the hill,you can get a birds view of the city.从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构

16、成的所有格,即 “of+名词所有格”。a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的一个戏剧a friend of my wifes我妻子的一个朋友考点二-17-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六1.动词变名词的后缀 考点二-18-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六考点二-19-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六考点二-20-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.形容词变名词的后缀 考点二-21-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六考点二-22-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。例如:a pen 一支笔an old man

17、 一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。考点二-23-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.表示“一”,相当于one,如:Ill return in a day or two.3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。如:We have thr

18、ee meals a day.4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same,如:The children are of an age.5.表示类指,意为“某类”,如:He wants to be a doctor.6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫的人”,或是其作品。如:A Mr.Smith is asking to see you.7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事/一个成功的人,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事。8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。What a

19、 heavy rain!考点二-24-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六9.序数词前使用冠词的情况“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。如:Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car.I have failed twice,but Ill try a third time.10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”;“a most+形容词”表示“一个很/非常”,此时后

20、面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”,如:Tom is the older of the two boys.The first unit is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.考点二-25-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用不定冠词的固定搭配all of a sudden突然 as a matter of fact事实上once a week每星期一次 at a loss不知所措,茫然be on a visit参观,拜访be/go on a diet节食give sb.a lift让某人搭便车have a gift fo

21、r.在方面有天赋have a good time玩得开心have a word with.与谈话in a hurry匆忙地in a way从某种意义上说make a living谋生 take a walk散步take an interest in.对感兴趣take/have a rest休息一会儿考点二-26-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。如:I have a car.The car is red.Pass me the book,please.2.表示某一类人或物。如:The bike is a useful

22、means of transportation.3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。如:the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean4.用于乐器前。如:play the violin,play the guitar5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。如:Could you tell me the way to the Greens,please?Sorry,we dont have a Green here in the village.考点二-27-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。如:the United

23、States,the Communist Party of China7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。如:The compass was invented in China.8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代。如:in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。如:I hired the car by the hour.(对比I hired the car by time.)10.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded考点二-28-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。如:T

24、he sun rises in the east.hit sb.on the head12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。如:the Great Wall,the West Lake13.与比较级和最高级连用。如:the+比较级,the+比较级,表示“越越”。The more,the better.表示两者间“较的一个”,比较级前加the。Who is the taller of the two boys?三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:Mary is the tallest child in her fam

25、ily.考点二-29-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用定冠词的固定搭配at the moment此刻,目前at the same time同时by the way顺便说一下on the spot当场make the best/most of.充分利用in the distance在远处in the end最终in the habit of有的习惯the other day前几天on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面to the point中肯,切题考点二-30-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表

26、示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。Beijing is the capital of China.Kindness is virtue.Snow dissolves into water.考点二-31-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Spring is the best season of the year.I have been studying in this college since July,2015.We have a seven-day holiday on Chinas National Da

27、y.Tom enjoys playing chess.The boys like playing football after class.They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science.Do you have breakfast at home or at school?考点二-32-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。Sam has been appointed manager of the engineerin

28、g department to take the place of George.Im captain of the class team at school.The chairman declared the meeting open.4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。Id rather travel by bus than airplane.考点二-33-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用零冠词的固定搭配in fact事实上for example例如in danger在危险中 with pleasure高兴地in time及时in fear恐惧地at work

29、在上班at dinner在吃饭after school放学后 at first起初at last最终by hand手工做的pay attention to注意set fire to放火take pride in以为豪 take care of照顾考点二-34-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六take office就职take part in参加in town在城里keep.in mind牢记in trouble处在麻烦中on foot步行leave word留言on time按时catch sight of看见 do harm to对有害lose weight减肥-35-.单句填空1.No mat

30、ter what you like to do,there is a way to get involved in various (activity) on Earth Day.(2019北京,语法填空)activitiesactivity是可数名词,根据前面的修饰语various可知,此处要用复数形式。2.Thats the surprising (conclude) of a new study based on a curious find in northeastern Jordan.(2019辽宁葫芦岛协作校高三二模)conclusion根据前面的the surprising可知,

31、所填的词是名词形式。conclusion“结论”。-36-3.He is going to visit university which is located in the west of USA.(2019安徽定远高三模考)auniversity 是以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词,此处是泛指,所以填a。4.The study found that coffee (drink) appear to live longer,regardless of whether they consume regular coffee.(2019河北邢台高三模考)drinkers根据句意可知,所填的词是指人的名

32、词,结合谓语动词appear判断所填的词要用复数形式。-37-5.Driven by the (curious) in my heart,I came to China and took part in a cruise along part of the river last year. (2018武汉武昌区调研)curiosity根据前面的冠词the可知,此处应填名词形式。driven by the curiosity意为“受好奇心驱使”。6.It is reported the housing prices in some big cities which fall in differe

33、nt (degree).(2018北京石景山模考)degreesdegree是可数名词,根据前面的different可知,此处要用复数形式。7.He is going to visit university which is located in the west of the USA.(2018北京海淀区期末)auniversity是以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词,此处是泛指,所以填a。-38-8.Later,her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her international superstar.(2018浙江嘉兴模考)an根据句意可知,

34、她成了一位国际巨星,表示泛指“一个”,且international以元音音素开头,前面需用不定冠词an。9.However,as for William and Kate,the (decide) to dress George in shorts is more likely down to the tradition than a class issue.(2017河北石家庄高三复习教学质量检测)decision根据定冠词the可知,空处用名词形式。10.I eventually came to long staircase.(2017山西八校高三第一次联考)astaircase作“楼梯”

35、讲时是可数名词,且其前无限定词修饰,故用不定冠词a表示泛指。-39-11.Like university students,the US high school students have the (free) to choose the courses that most interest them.freedom由定冠词the可知,此处应用名词,即freedom。12.Actually with my (confident) built up,I now turn out to be a great speaker.confidence由形容词性物主代词my可知,此处应用名词形式,即con

36、fidence。13.Art creates (aware) of social issues.awarenesscreate是动词,后面应用名词做宾语。故填awareness。14.Four boys were taking walk in the woods near Montaigne.atake a walk为固定短语,意为“散步”,故用不定冠词a。-40-15.Experts hope whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.thethe whole society意为“全社会”,为固

37、定用法,故填the。16.I dont remember the first two operations very well,but I do recall third.the序数词前一般用定冠词the修饰,表示第几的概念。17.My parents had moved to England from India during 1970s.thethe 1970s为固定用法,意为“20世纪70年代”;表示“某世纪某年代”时应在数字前加the。-41-.单句改错1.My brother is a excellent vet,who looks after frightening snakes

38、in the zoo.(2019辽宁葫芦岛协作校联考)aanvet是单数可数名词,excellent是以元音因素开头的单词,所以用an。2.Energetic and responsible,I am a captain of our school football team.(2018河北衡水中学模考)去掉captain前的a表示独一无二的职位的名词做表语、宾语和同位语时,不用不定冠词a。-42-3.An International club will be set up,thus enhancing the understanding between the students from d

39、ifferent country.(2018河北衡水中学模考)countrycountriescountry是可数名词,根据前面的different可知,该词要用复数形式。4.Before long,I could speak English well and at the same time I also made great progresses in my written English.(2018河北邯郸模考)progressesprogressprogress“进步”是不可数名词,没有复数形式。5.Could you please give me some advices on ho

40、w to behave properly?advicesadviceadvice是不可数名词,没有复数形式。-43-6.We talked about what measure should be taken to improve the situation.measuremeasurestake measures to do sth.“采取措施做某事”, measure要用复数形式,指“措施”。7.English has become a global language,so Im convinced that learning English is of great useful.usef

41、ulusebe of great use=be useful 意为“有用的”。8.Its common for a man to sit cross-legged on the floor,but its not considered acceptable for woman to do so.woman前加awoman是单数可数名词,这里泛指“一位妇女”。-44-9.Then we visited lecture hall behind the lab building.lecture前加the这里特指实验楼后的报告厅,因此用定冠词the。10.In the centre we saw a

42、group of student playing musical instruments.studentstudentsstudent是单数可数名词,其前有a group of,因此要用复数形式students。-45-.语篇填空Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1. different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2. sho

43、rtage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3. (problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4. problems. They can do it with 5.In 6. past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed

44、 what they call “expert systems”.An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7. place of 8. human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9. (question) of the patient,it can tell what medic

45、ine or other 10.(treat) is needed.-46-1.a此处表示泛指,指另一不同种类的缺乏。2.the此处特指“专家的缺乏”,故用定冠词the。3.problemsproblem是可数名词,这里指医疗方面的问题,故用复数形式。4.the此处特指上文提到的这些问题,故用定冠词the。puters从后文的computer scientists以及后文的关于计算机的陈述可知,这里是用计算机解决这个问题。6.thein the past few years“在过去的几年里”为固定结构,故用the。7.thetake the place of “代替;取代”为固定搭配。8.a根

46、据句意“它能取代一个人类专家”,表示泛指,又因空格后的单词以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。9.questions此处表示向病人提问几个问题。10.treatment由other可知,这里用动词treat的名词形式。-47-.短文改错(2019河北石家庄精英学校模考)Studying in the UK have been a good experience for me.When I first arrived,I find life very hard as I didnt know anybody here,but I soon got to know other Chinese stud

47、ent at the university.Later I became interesting in communicating with people from various cultures,and I made fewer friends.During my study,I chose to live in with my classmates in the dormitory.I think its better than living in British family because I can meet people from different countries easy

48、.The courses here are excellent.I enjoy the way the teachers give lessons.We are encouraged to think for yourselves,which is quite different from that I have experienced before.-48-49-50-1.havehas句子的主语是非谓语动词,所以谓语动词要用单数形式。2.findfound根据上文的“When I first arrived”可知,此处讲述的是过去发生的事情,所以用一般过去时。3.studentstuden

49、tsstudent是可数名词,根据前面的other可知要用复数形式。4.interestinginterested句子的主语是I,此处表示主语的心理感受,所以把interesting改为interested。5.fewermore根据上文语境可知,此处表示“结交了更多的朋友”,所以把fewer改为more。6.删除in此处表示“和住在一起”,所以用live with,in后没有宾语,所以删除。-51-7.in后加a根据后面的family可知,此处表示“一个英国家庭”,所以加a。8.easyeasily修饰动词要用副词形式,easy是形容词,所以改为easily。9.yourselvesourselves句子的主语是we,所以反身代词要用ourselves。10.thatwhat所填的词引导宾语从句并在从句中做宾语,所以把that改为what。