2018考研英语一阅读新题型源文（文字完整版） .docx

《2018考研英语一阅读新题型源文（文字完整版） .docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2018考研英语一阅读新题型源文（文字完整版） .docx（9页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2018考研英语一阅读新题型源文（文字完整版）EisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuildingOriginallybuiltfortheState,WarandNavyDepartmentsbetween1871and1888,theEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuildingnowhousesamajorityofofficesforWhiteHousestaff.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuildingislocatednexttotheWestWing,andhousesamajorityofofficesforWh

2、iteHousestaff.OriginallybuiltfortheState,WarandNavyDepartmentsbetween1871and1888,theEEOBisanimpressivebuildingthatcommandsauniquepositioninbothournationalhistoryandarchitecturalheritage.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasuryAlfredMullett,thegranite,slateandcastironexteriormakestheEEOBoneofAmeri

3、casbestexamplesoftheFrenchSecondEmpirestyleofarchitecture.Ittook17yearsforMullettsmasterpiecetofinallybecompleted.HistoryNextdoortotheWhiteHouse,theEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsauniquepositioninbothournationalhistoryandarchitecturalheritage.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasu

4、ry,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.InboldcontrasttomanyofthesomberclassicalrevivalbuildingsinWashington,theEEOBsflamboyantstyleepitomizestheoptimismandexub

5、eranceofthepost-CivilWarperiod.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenationsforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcenturytheperiodwhentheUnitedSta

6、tesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenationsmostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.ThefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedonsitesflankingtheWhiteHousebetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffi

7、res(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuildingtothenortheastoftheWhiteHouse.TheStateDepartmentthenmovedtotheD.C.OrphanAsyl

8、umBuildingwhiletheWarandNavyDepartmentscontinuedtomakedowiththeircrampedquarterstothewestoftheWhiteHouse.InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartmen

9、ts.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby

10、wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinishedin1888,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalusters

11、arecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.Completedin1875,theStateDepartmentssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretarysofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedi

12、ntotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarqetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.TheIndianTreatyRoom,originallytheNavyslibraryandreceptionroom,costmorepersquarefootthananyotherroominthebuildingbecauseofitsrichmarblewallpanels,tiledfloors,800-poundbronzesconces,andgoldleaf

13、ornamentation.ThisroomhasbeenthesceneofmanyPresidentialnewsconferencesandcontinuestobeusedforconferencesandreceptionsattendedbythePresident.Theremainingnorth,west,andcenterwingswereconstructedfortheWarDepartmentandtookanadditional10yearstobuild.Notableinteriorsincludeanornatecast-ironlibrary,theSecr

14、etaryssuite,andthestainedglassskylightoverthewestwingsdoublestaircase.ManyofourmostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOBsgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Busha

15、llhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingPresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.PresidentHerbertHooveroccupiedtheSecretaryofNav

16、ysofficeforafewmonthsfollowingafireintheOvalOfficeonChristmasEve1929.Inrecenthistory,PresidentRichardNixonhadaprivateofficehere.VicePresidentLyndonB.JohnsonwasthefirstinasuccessionofVicePresidentstothepresentdaythathavehadofficesinthebuilding.Gradually,theoriginaltenantsoftheEEOBvacatedthebuildingth

17、eNavyDepartmentleftin1918(exceptfortheSecretarywhostayeduntil1921),followedbytheWarDepartmentin1938,andfinallybytheStateDepartmentin1947.TheWhiteHousebegantomovesomeofitsofficesacrossWestExecutiveAvenuein1939,andin1949thebuildingwasturnedovertotheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidentandrenamedtheExecutiveOf

18、ficeBuilding.ThebuildingcontinuestohousevariousagenciesthatcomprisetheExecutiveOfficeofthePresident,suchastheWhiteHouseOffice,theOfficeoftheVicePresident,theOfficeofManagementandBudget,andtheNationalSecurityCouncil.TheFrenchSecondEmpirestyleoriginatedinEurope,whereitfirstappearedduringtherebuildingo

19、fParisinthe1850sand60s.BaseduponFrenchRenaissanceprototypes,suchastheLouvrePalace,theSecondEmpirestyleischaracterizedbytheuseofasteepmansardroof,centralandendpavilions,andanelaboratelysculpturedfacade.Itssophisticationappealedtovisitingforeigners,especiallyinEnglandandAmerica,whereasearlyasthelate18

20、50s,architectsbeganadoptingisolatedfeaturesand,eventually,thestyleasacoherentwhole.AlfredMullettsinterpretationoftheFrenchSecondEmpirestylewas,however,particularlyAmericanizedinitslackofanornatesculpturalprogramanditsbold,lineardetails.Whileitwasonlyaprojectonthedraftingtable,thedesignoftheEEOBwassu

21、bjecttocontroversy.Whenitwascompletedin1888,theSecondEmpirestylehadfallenfromfavor,andMullettsmasterpiecewasperceivedbycapriciousVictoriansasonlyanembarrassingreminderofpastwhimsinarchitecturalpreference.ThiswasespeciallythecasewiththeEEOB,sincepreviousplansforabuildingonthesamesitehadbeenintheGreek

22、RevivialstyleoftheTreasuryBuilding.In1917,theCommissionofFineArtsrequestedJohnRussellPopetopreparesketchesoftheState,War,andNavybuildingthatincorporatedClassicalfacades.Duringthesameyear,WashingtonarchitectWaddyB.WoodcompletedadrawingdepictingthebuildingremodeledtoresembletheTreasuryBuilding.Thispro

23、jectwasrevivedin1930whenCongressappropriated$3millionforitsconstruction.Woodworkedfor3yearsonthedesigntoremovethegranitewallsandreplacethemwithmarble,buttheprojectwasshelvedduetofinancialburdensimposedbytheGreatDepression.In1957,PresidentEisenhowersAdvisoryCommitteeonPresidentialOfficeSpacerecommend

24、eddemolitionoftheExecutiveOfficeBuildingandconstructionofamodernofficefacility.However,thepublicoutcry,andtheoverwhelmingexpensesassociatedwiththedemolition,savedthebuilding.Thebuildinghasnotbeenwithoutdetractors.IthasbeenreferredtoasMullettsarchitecturalinfantasylumbywriterHenryAdams.PresidentHarry

25、S.Trumancametothedefenseofthebuildingwhenitwasthreatenedbydemolitionin1958.HesaiditwasthegreatestmonstrosityinAmerica.NotedarchitecturalhistorianHenry-RussellHitchcock,howeverdescribeditasperhapsthebestextantexampleinAmericaofthesecondempire.ThebuildingwasdesignatedaNationalHistoricLandmarkin1969.In

26、1972,itwaslistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesandtheDistrictofColumbiaInventoryofHistoricSites.Since1981,theOfficeofAdministrationoftheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidenthasactivelypursuedarigorousprogramofrehabilitationoftheEEOB.Theentirestructurehasbenefitedfromanupgradedmaintenanceprogramthathas

27、alsoincludedrestorationofsomeoftheEEOBsmostspectacularhistoricinteriors.In1988,CongressenactedlegislationtoallowtheOfficeofAdministrationtoacceptgiftsandloansfromthepubliconbehalfoftheEEOBtobeusedforpreservationandrestorationpurposes.Personsinterestedinfindingoutmoreaboutthepreservationprogramorinma

28、kingacontributionshouldcontactthePreservationOffice.FactsArchitecturalStyle:FrenchSecondEmpireConstructionDates:18711888(17yearstotal)SupervisingArchitects:AlfredMullett(1869-1874),WilliamPotter(1875-1875),OrvilleBabcock(1875-1877),ThomasLincolnCasey(1877-1888)ChiefDesigner:RichardEzdorfTotalCost:$1

29、0,038,482.42TotalBuildingArea:662,598GSF(15.21acresor111/2footballfields)NumberofLevels:Basement,Ground,Floors1through5OriginalNumberofRooms:553ExteriorColumns:900OriginalInteriorDoors:1,314OriginalExteriorWindows:1,572BronzeStairBalusters:4,004NumberofSteps:1,784(76lessthantheEmpireStateBuildingwith1,860steps)NumberofStairs:65TotalCorridorLength:9,160-1or1.73miles(2.793kilometers)NumberofOriginalFireplaces:151(83remain)https:/www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/eisenhower-executive-office-building/