2021年考研英语一试题原文（文字完整版） .docx

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1、2021年考研英语一试题原文（文字完整版）Directions：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，C，orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1

2、Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetcrailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual：everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises，imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyearsrise，anaverageof2.7percent，maybea

3、fractionlowerthanlastyears，butitisstilwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit，ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayeiWhy，theargumentgoes，shouldacar-drivi

4、ngpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokeifromSurrey?Equally，thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast.manyofwhomwilfaceamongthebiggestrises，havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.Howeve

5、r，overthepast12months，thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementsthearemakingtothenetwork.butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveo

6、fstrikesrestsontheunions.However，thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat，evenwhenstrikesoccurservicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshould

7、formpartofawideipackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritainsrailways.Yes，moreinvestmentisneeded，butpassengerswillsnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecrampedunreliableservices.punctuatedbyregularchaoswhertimetablesarechanged，orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.

8、Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenoflfornow.butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.TheauthorholdsthatthisyearsincreaseinrailpassengersfaresA.willeasetrainoperationsburdenB.haskeptpacewithinflationC.isabigsurprisetocommutersD.remainson22.Thest

9、ockbrokerin2isusedtostandforA.cardriversB.railtravellersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers23.Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperatorsA.areofferingcompensationstocommutersB.aretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunionslC.havefailedtoprovideanadequatesourceD.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes24.(缺)25.(缺)Text

10、2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesiasbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountrysantipovertyprogram.In2007，Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions，suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedi

11、calcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs，thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpovertyTheyrealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia，theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon

12、tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infactpovertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals，saysPaulFerraro，aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Thatsbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation，whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwit

13、hgreaterpoverty.However，thosecorrelationsdontprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality，basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs，supportedthetraditionalview.There，aspeoplegotmoremoney，someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat，Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativ

14、elyaffecttheenvironment，though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesiaspoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesiasp

15、haseinoftheantipovertyprogram-in7，468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors，likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges，whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat，weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforesta

16、tion，Ferrarosays.Thatslikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather，Ferrarosays.Typically，ilrainsaredelayed，peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetasupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs，individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresea

17、rchtranslateselsewhereisanybodysguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability，thestudyshowsthatwhatsgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforvalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.26.Accordingtothefisttwoparagraph

18、s，CCTprogramsaimtoA.facilitatehealthcarereform.B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.C.improvelocaleducationsystems.D.lowerdeforestationrates.27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthatA.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorB.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.C.antipo

19、vertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia，FerrarointendstofindoutA.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.C.therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss.D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.29.Accordin

20、gtoFerraro，theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthatA.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.B.itwillreduceregionalinequality.C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.D.itcanboostgrainproduction.30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferabilityofas

21、tudy.Text3Asahistorianwhosalwayssearchingforthetextorimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,IvebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).lvefoundquiteafew，and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeencausingq

22、uiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould，anddid，laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse，IneedtoconcedethatmycollectionofSmilingVictoriansmakesuponlyat

23、inypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900，themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyanddustifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops，orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s，intheearlydaysofphotography，exposuretimeswerenotor

24、iouslylong：thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete，resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate，andsoanon-committalblan

25、kstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s，andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytodaysdigitalstandards，theexposurewasalmostcinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s，sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVicto

26、riansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth，ranonepopularVictoriansaying，alludingto.thefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry，mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean，regularpearlywhitesw

27、asararesightinVictoriansociety，thepreserveofeythesuper-rich(andeventhedentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackened.edteeth)lackedclass：drunks，trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrolsgum-exposingseveralminutestocomplete，resultingi

28、nblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchptocontemplate，andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s，andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat，

29、thoughslowbytodaysdigitastandards，theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s，sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.CheshireCat，butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain，amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh，sai

30、dthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbenothingmoredamningthanasilly，foolishsmilefixedforever.31.AccordingtoParagraph1，theauthorspostsonTwitterA.ChangedpeopleesimpressionoftheVictoriansB.highlightedsocialmediasroleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage.D.illustrat

31、edthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.32.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialeduconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfrom

32、smilingforpicturesinthe1890s?A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswasA.adeep-rootbelief.B.amisguidedattitude.Cacontroversialview.D.athought-provoki

33、ngidea.35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmlinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband，advocatesforco

34、nsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoiaffliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.Thatswhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline，preservingthefreedomandinnovation

35、thathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofll-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders，anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday，butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution，itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.Cou

36、rtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality，adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015，butrejectedthecommissionsauthorityt

37、orequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldntregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior，suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeATTfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceatthee

38、xpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday，theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders，citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.

39、ButJudgePatriciaMilettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthattheresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice，andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappinginternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.Inthemeantime，thecourtthrewouttheFCCsattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutra

40、lity，whilepreservingthecommissionspoweitopreemptindividualstatelawsthatthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia，whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCCsabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongres

41、stoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.TherehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswouldA.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.B.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetw

42、ork.C.showpartialityintreatingclients.D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules，theFCCA.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutATTfromParagraph3?A.Itprotect

43、sagainstunfaircompetition.B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCCsinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourtsdecisionA.focusesontrivialities.B.conveysanambiguousmessageC.isatoddswithitsearlierrulingsD.isoutoftouchwithreality.40.Wha

44、tdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.D.Broadbandprovidersrightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingarticle，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.FoiQuestions41-4

45、5，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtcfitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Inthemovicesandontelevivion,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbus

46、iness，weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtcautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs，butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdontinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenin

47、computer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches，which，ratherthaneliminatingITjobs，actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers，becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplac

48、ingemployees.BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat，naturally，theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes，saysPedroDomingos，authorofTheMasterAlgorithon：HowtheQustfortheUltimatelearningMachineWilReambeOurWorldandacomputerscience41_OnecompanythatsdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK，Phrasee，cla