2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题 .docx

《2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题 .docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题 .docx（23页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题附： 非教育部考试中心官方标准试题，仅供参考SectionI UseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers，ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplo

2、sionofcyber-crimethathas 1 acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved 2 bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly 3 ？Lastmonth，HowardSchmidt，thenationscyber-czar，offeredthefederalgovernmenta 4 tomaketheWebasaferplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystemthatwou

3、ldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey，afingerprintandaphotoIDcard，allrolled 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard，oradigitalcredential 7 toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto 8 afederationofprivateonlineidentitysyste

4、ms.Usercould 9 whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriverslicense 10 bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-onsystemst

5、hatmakeitpossibleforusersto 11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreateawalledgardenncyberspace，withsafeneighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa 13 community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizationscancomplete

6、onlinetransactionswith 14 ，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure 15 whichthetransactionruns.Still，theadministrationsplanhas 16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtow

7、ardwhatwould 17 beacompulsoryInternetdriveslicensementality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith 18 bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet 19 .TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe 20 tore

8、gisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6A.byB.intoC.fr

9、omD.over7A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11A.carryon B.lingeronC.setin D.login12A.InvainB.IneffectC.Inreturn D.Incontrast13A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competin

10、g14A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20A.invitedB.appointedC.allowe

11、dD.forcedSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text 1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachssboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity

12、.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldmanscompensationcommittee；howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoom

13、uchtime，shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirmsboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutivesproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadviceb

14、asedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconc

15、entratedonthosesurprisedisappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffectte

16、ndedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftentheytradeup.Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshavean

17、easiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，oncea

18、gainverypopularoncampus.21.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor . Againingexcessiveprofits Bfailingtofulfillherduty Crefusingtomakecompromises Dleavingtheboardintoughtimes22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe . Agenerousinvestors Bunbiasedexecutives Cshare

19、priceforecasters Dindependentadvisers23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirectorssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto . Abecomemorestable Breportincreasedearnings Cdolesswellinthestockmarket Dperformworseinlawsuits24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirector

20、s . Amaystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm Bhaveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm Careaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm Dwilldeclineincentivesfromthefirm25.Theauthorsattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis . Apermissive Bpositive Cscornful DcriticalText 2Whateverhappenedto

21、thedeathofnewspaper？Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.AmericasFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitab

22、lecorporations？Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenre

23、turnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervet

24、orefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%ofthe

25、irrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationDevelopment(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastd

26、istinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.26.BysayingNewspapersliketheirowndoom(Lines3-4，Para.1)，theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper .

27、 Aneglectedthesignofcrisis Bfailedtogetstatesubsidies Cwerenotcharitablecorporations Dwereinadesperatesituation27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause . Areadersthreatenedtopayless Bnewspaperswantedtoreducecosts Cjournalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas Dsubscriberscompl

28、ainedaboutslimmerproducts28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey . Ahavemoresourcesofrevenue Bhavemorebalancednewsrooms Carelessdependentonadvertising Darelessaffectedbyreadership29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusi

29、ness？ ADistinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers. BCompletenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper. CForeignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness. DReadershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe . AAmericanNewspapers：StrugglingforSurviva

30、l BAmericanNewspapers：GonewiththeWind CAmericanNewspapers：AThrivingBusiness DAmericanNewspapers：AHopelessStoryText 3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth，withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions，goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebu

31、reaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses，itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar，Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless，andthatrestraint，incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture，madesmall，efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusfor

32、thetrendtowardefficientliving.ThephraselessismorewasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman，thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe，wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus，aschoolofdesign，emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.Thesedesignerscametoexertenormousinf

33、luenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture，butnonemoresothatMies.Miesssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration，properlyorganized，hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance，hebelieved，didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects，heemployedmetal，glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatint

34、he1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Miesssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient，ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicagosLakeShoreDrive，forexample，weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1，000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalo

35、ngthecitysGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls，theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildingsdetailsandproportions，thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtowardlesswasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficien

36、thouses-usuallyaround1，200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.TheCaseStudyHousescommissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArtsArchitecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthelessismoretrend.Aestheticeffectcamefrom

37、thelandscape，newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse，Ralpheverydaylife-fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters，thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans

38、 . Aprosperityandgrowth Befficiencyandpracticality Crestraintandconfidence Dprideandfaithfulness32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus？ AItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe. BItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII. CMostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit. DItha

39、dagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign . Awasrelatedtolargespace Bwasidentifiedwithemptiness Cwasnotreliantonabundantdecoration Dwasnotassociatedwithefficiency34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicagosLakeShoreDrive？ ATheyignoreddetailsand

40、proportions. BTheywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime. CTheyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings. DTheysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.35.WhatcanwelearnaboutthedesignoftheCaseStudyHouse？ AMechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused. BNaturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration CDetailsweresacrificedf

41、ortheoveralleffect. DEco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text 4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit？Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.NoweventheprojectsgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacingaBermudatriangleofdebt，populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems，theEUfaceanacutecr

42、isisinitseconomiccore，the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozoneseconomies，weakerorstronger，willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency，whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEuropessinglecurrencyfromdisin

43、tegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozonesdominantpowers，FranceandGermany，agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone，butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness，barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonot

44、obey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountrysvotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub，amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour；intheinnerco

45、realone，Germanyfears，asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.AsoutherncampheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent：Europeaneconomicgovernmentwithinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated，thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers，viacheaperborrowi

46、ngforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally，figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured，curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization：e.g.，curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworldslargesttradingbloc

47、k.Atitsbest，theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal：builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries，itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods，capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization，andmakecapitalismbenign.36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproble

48、msthat . Aithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets Bevenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned Csomeofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro Ditintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation37.ThedebateovertheEUssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers . Aarecompetingfortheleadingposition Barebusyhandlingtheirowncrises Cfailtoreachanagreementonharmonization Ddisagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem，Germanyproposedthat&n