2011年考研英语(一)真题(阅读部分) .docx

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1、2011年考研英语(一)真题(阅读部分)Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhis

2、appointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic。Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbertsappointmentintheTi

3、mes,callshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim。AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise。Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatco

4、nductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes。Devotedconcertgoerswhoreply

5、thatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Ther

6、erecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantodaysliveperformances;moreover,theycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistenerschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert。Onepossibleres

7、ponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbertsowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization。Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdi

8、fference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestrasrepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmericasoldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract。21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbertsappointmenthas Aincurredcriticism。 Braisedsuspicion。 Creceivedacclai

9、m。 Darousedcuriosity。22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois Ainfluential。 Bmodest。 Crespectable。 Dtalented。23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers Aignoretheexpensesofliveperformances。 Brejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances。 Cexaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances。 Doverestimatethevalueofl

10、iveperformances。24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings? ATheyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality。 BTheyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic。 CTheyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic。 DTheyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces。25.RegardingGilbertsroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfe

11、els Adoubtful。 Benthusiastic。 Cconfident。 Dpuzzled。Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleavingtopursuemygoalofrunningacompany。Broadcastinghisambitionwasverymuchm

12、ydecision,McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.

13、AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodontgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflett

14、ingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations。Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboun

15、dforaspiringleaders。Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:IcantthinkofasinglesearchIvedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedm

16、etolookatsittingCEOsfirst。Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaventalwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookt

17、hatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater。Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.Thetraditionalrulewasitssafertostaywhereyouare,butthatsbeenfundamentallyinverted,saysoneheadhunter.Thepeoplewhovebeenhur

18、ttheworstarethosewhovestayedtoolong。26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing Aarrogant。 Bfrank。 Cself-centered。 Dimpulsive。27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredby Atheirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus。 Btheirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife。 Cthe

19、irstrainedrelationswiththeboards。 Dtheirpursuitofnewcareergoals。28.Thewordpoached(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans Aapprovedof。 Battendedto。 Chuntedfor。 Dguardedagainst。29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat Atopperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts。 Bloyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated。 Ctop

20、performerscaremoreaboutreputations。 Ditssafertosticktothetraditionalrules。30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext? ACEOs:WheretoGo? BCEOs:AlltheWayUp? CTopManagersJumpwithoutaNet DTheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whilet

21、raditionalpaidmediasuchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisementsstillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreateownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebr

22、oadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia。Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusersresponses.Butinsomecases,onemarketersownedmediabecomeanothermarketerspaidmediaforinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebs

23、ite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.JohnsonJohnson,forexamp

24、le,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesmarketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficfo

25、rallcompaniesconcerned。Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcam

26、paignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem。Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottpr

27、oducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompanysresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampa

28、ign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg。31.Consumersmaycreateearnedmediawhentheyare AobscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites。 Binspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem。 Ceagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts。 Denthusiasticabo

29、utrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts。32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature Aasafebusinessenvironment。 Brandomcompetition。 Cstrongusertraffic。 Dflexibilityinorganization。33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia Ainviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers。 Bcanbeusedtoproducenegativeeff

30、ectsinmarketing。 Cmayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition。 Ddeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem。34.ToyotaMotorsexperienceiscitedasanexampleof Arespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia。 Bpersuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts。 Ccooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers。 Dtakingadvantageofhijackedmedia。35.Wh

31、ichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout? AAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia。 BConflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia。 CDominanceofhijackedmedia。 DPopularityofownedmedia。Text4ItsnosurprisethatJenniferSeniorsinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,isarousingmuchchatternothi

32、nggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshou

33、ldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight。ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonn

34、a-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.TherearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptiveandnewlysinglemomSandraBullock,aswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands。Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonder

35、thatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesntseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldnthavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesin

36、glemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives。Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatp

37、arentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheirown(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake。Itshardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchild

38、renjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butitsinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodarentinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasma

39、llpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston。36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring Atemporarydelight Benjoymentinprogress Chappinessinretrospect Dlastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2that Acelebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip。 Bsinglem

40、otherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention。 Cnewsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining。 Dhavingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic。38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks Aareconstantlyexposedtocriticism。 Barelargelyignoredbythemedia。 Cfailtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities。 Darelesslikelytobes

41、atisfiedwiththeirlife。39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis Asoothing。 Bambiguous。 Ccompensatory。 Dmisleading。40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph? AHavingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms。 BCelebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowar

42、dschildrearing。 CHavingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife。 DWesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing。PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenum

43、beredboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points) ANodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitie

44、sisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees。 BHisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%in

45、English.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhatageneraleducationshouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread-theyformasortofsocial

46、glue。 CEquallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelorsdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20y

47、earslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained。 DOnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducation

48、sandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification。 EBesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededt