2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题（文字完整版） .docx

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1、2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题（文字完整版）Directions：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，C，orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40poi

2、nts)Text1Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetcrailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual：everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises，imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyearsrise，anaverageof2.7perce

3、nt，maybeafractionlowerthanlastyears，butitisstilwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit，ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayeiWhy，theargumentgoes，shoulda

4、car-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokeifromSurrey?Equally，thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast.manyofwhomwilfaceamongthebiggestrises，havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNor

5、th.However，overthepast12months，thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementsthearemakingtothenetwork.butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthela

6、testwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However，thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat，evenwhenstrikesoccurservicescancontinuetooperate.T

7、hisshouldformpartofawideipackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritainsrailways.Yes，moreinvestmentisneeded，butpassengerswillsnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecrampedunreliableservices.punctuatedbyregularchaoswhertimetablesarechanged，orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincom

8、petently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenoflfornow.butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.TheauthorholdsthatthisyearsincreaseinrailpassengersfaresA.willeasetrainoperationsburdenB.haskeptpacewithinflationC.isabigsurprisetocommutersD.remainso

9、n22.Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandforA.cardriversB.railtravellersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers23.Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperatorsA.areofferingcompensationstocommutersB.aretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunionslC.havefailedtoprovideanadequatesourceD.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes24.(缺)2

10、5.(缺)Text2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesiasbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountrysantipovertyprogram.In2007，Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions，suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetre

11、gularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs，thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpovertyTheyrealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia，theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTpr

12、ogramsdontgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infactpovertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals，saysPaulFerraro，aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Thatsbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation，whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorr

13、elatedwithgreaterpoverty.However，thosecorrelationsdontprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality，basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs，supportedthetraditionalview.There，aspeoplegotmoremoney，someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat，Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothave

14、tonegativelyaffecttheenvironment，though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesiaspoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIn

15、donesiasphaseinoftheantipovertyprogram-in7，468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors，likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges，whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat，weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionin

16、deforestation，Ferrarosays.Thatslikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather，Ferrarosays.Typically，ilrainsaredelayed，peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetasupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs，individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whether

17、thisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybodysguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability，thestudyshowsthatwhatsgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforvalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.26.Accordingtothefisttwo

18、paragraphs，CCTprogramsaimtoA.facilitatehealthcarereform.B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.C.improvelocaleducationsystems.D.lowerdeforestationrates.27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthatA.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorB.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles

19、.C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia，FerrarointendstofindoutA.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.C.therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss.D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.29

20、.AccordingtoFerraro，theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthatA.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.B.itwillreduceregionalinequality.C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.D.itcanboostgrainproduction.30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferab

21、ilityofastudy.Text3Asahistorianwhosalwayssearchingforthetextorimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,IvebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).lvefoundquiteafew，and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebee

22、ncausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould，anddid，laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse，IneedtoconcedethatmycollectionofSmilingVictoriansmake

23、suponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900，themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyanddustifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops，orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s，intheearlydaysofphotography，exposuretimes

24、werenotoriouslylong：thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete，resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate，andsoanon-comm

25、ittalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s，andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytodaysdigitalstandards，theexposurewasalmostcinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s，sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationo

26、fwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth，ranonepopularVictoriansaying，alludingto.thefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry，mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean，regularpear

27、lywhiteswasararesightinVictoriansociety，thepreserveofeythesuper-rich(andeventhedentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackened.edteeth)lackedclass：drunks，trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrolsgum-exposingseveralminutestocomplete，r

28、esultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchptocontemplate，andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s，andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasm

29、eantthat，thoughslowbytodaysdigitastandards，theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s，sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.CheshireCat，butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain，amanwhoenjoyedahearty

30、laugh，saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbenothingmoredamningthanasilly，foolishsmilefixedforever.31.AccordingtoParagraph1，theauthorspostsonTwitterA.ChangedpeopleesimpressionoftheVictoriansB.highlightedsocialmediasroleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage.D.

31、illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.32.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialeduconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.33.WhatmighthavekepttheVicto

32、riansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswasA.adeep-rootbelief.B.amisguidedattitude.Cacontroversialview.D.athough

33、t-provokingidea.35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmlinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband，advoc

34、atesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoiaffliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.Thatswhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline，preservingthefreedomandi

35、nnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofll-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders，anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday，butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution，itonlyprolongedthefight.Atissuebeforet

36、heU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality，adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015，butrejectedthecommissionsa

37、uthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldntregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior，suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeATTfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserv

38、iceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday，theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders，citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegula

39、torymove.ButJudgePatriciaMilettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthattheresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice，andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappinginternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.Inthemeantime，thecourtthrewouttheFCCsattempttoblockallstateruleson

40、netneutrality，whilepreservingthecommissionspoweitopreemptindividualstatelawsthatthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia，whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCCsabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutf

41、orCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.TherehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswouldA.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.B.slowdownthetrafficon

42、theirnetwork.C.showpartialityintreatingclients.D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules，theFCCA.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutATTfromParagraph3?A.

43、Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCCsinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourtsdecisionA.focusesontrivialities.B.conveysanambiguousmessageC.isatoddswithitsearlierrulingsD.isoutoftouchwithreali

44、ty.40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.D.Broadbandprovidersrightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingarticle，somesentenceshavebeenremoved.FoiQues

45、tions41-45，choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtcfitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Inthemovicesandontelevivion,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.Whenitcomes

46、toAIinbusiness，weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtcautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs，butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdontinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImo

47、reoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches，which，ratherthaneliminatingITjobs，actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers，becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswith

48、outreplacingemployees.BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat，naturally，theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes，saysPedroDomingos，authorofTheMasterAlgorithon：HowtheQustfortheUltimatelearningMachineWilReambeOurWorldandacomputerscience41_OnecompanythatsdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK，Ph