英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc

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1、英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性:Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.Akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.2.Langue语言:Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbya

2、llmembersofaspeechcommunity.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswh

3、ichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.2.Allophone音位变体:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.3.Minimalpair最小对立体:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesounds

4、egmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.第三课1.Morphology形态学:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2.Derivationalmorphemes派生词素:Somemorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsarecalled3.In

5、flectionalmorphemes曲折词素:Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.第四课1.Syntax语法句法:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Syntacticcategories句法范畴:Wordscanbeg

6、roupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.3.Deepstructure深层结构:FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheadssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructureorD-structure.4.Surfacestructure表层结构:Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatet

7、ransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.第五课1.Reference指称:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.2.Homonymy同音异义:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeanin

8、gshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.3.Hyponymy上下义关系:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

9、2.Utterance话语:asentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.3.Utterancemeaning话语意义:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.4.Illocutionaryact言外行为:Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeakersi

10、ntention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.二、简答题第一课1Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Itdescribesindividualspeechsoundsandindicatestheirphysicalorphoneticproperties.Phonology:Itstudiesthewaysinwhichthesesoundsformp

11、atternsandsystemsandhowtheyworktoconveymeaninginthesystemoflanguage.Morphology:AfieldoflinguisticsfocusedonthestudyoftheformsandformationofwordsinalanguageSyntax:Asetofrulesthatgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesandsentences.Pragmatics:thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinasocialcontext.2Whatcharacteristi

12、csoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?Theimportantcharacteristicswhichshouldbeincludedinagooddefinitionoflanguageareseparately:systematic,arbitraryandvocal.Firstofall,languageisasystem.Ithasitsownsetofrulesforpeopletoabideby,orpeoplewillusethelanguageinawron

13、gway.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissou

14、nd.3WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?1)Arbitrariness:nonatural/motivated/logicalrelationshipbetweenthesignandwhatthesignstandsfor.2)Productivity:providesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbee

15、nsentbeforeandforunderstandingnovelmessages.3)Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstuctures,ortwolevels.4)Displacement:canbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture5)Culturaltransmission第二课1.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreintere

16、stedinthedifferentbetweensayiandi,pandph,aphoneticianoraphilologist?Why?语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phoneticsdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.Phonologydescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinter

17、estedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.2.Whatisphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Phoneisaphoneticunit,ithasnomeaning.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwithdistinctivevalue.Thephoneme/l/canberealizedasdark/l-/andclear/l/,whichareallophonesoft

18、hephoneme/l/Allophones-actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.第三课1.Thinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaningandspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.Suffix:-ingMeaning:denotingaverbalaction,aninstanceofthis,oritsresultStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:

19、fighting:denotetheactionofbattlebuilding:denotetheactionofconstructionSuffix:-ableMeaning:abletobeStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:avoidable:abletobepreventedfromcalculable:abletobemeasuredorassessedSuffix:-istMeaning:denotingamemberofaprofessionorbusinessactivityStemtype:addedtonounsExamples:dramatist

20、:apersonwhowritesplaysdentist:apersonwhotreatstheteethdisease2.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.1)prefix:un-meaning:denotingtheabsenceofaqualityorstate;notstemtype:addedtonounsexamples:unacademic:notadoptingorchara

21、cteristicofascholarlyapproachorlanguageunhappy:nothappy2)prefix:anti-meaning:opposedto;againststemtype:addedtonounsexamples:anti-abortion:opposingorlegislatingagainstmedicallyinducedabortionanti-art:againstthetraditionalart3)prefix:re-meaning:oncemore;afresh;anewstemtype:addedtoverbsexamples:restart

22、:startoncemorereaccustom:accustom(someone)tosomethingagain第五课1.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?并举例1)dialectalsynonyms-synonymsusedindifferentregional2)Stylisticsynonyms:synonymsdifferinginstyle3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning4)Collocationalsynonyms:whatwordstheygotogethe

23、rwith5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms:differfromthewordsthemselves2.Explainwithexamples“homonymy”,“polysemy”,and“hyponymy”.Homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,th

24、eyarehomophones.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.Whentowwordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.Theexamplesareasfollowed:Homophones:rain/reignnight/knightpiece/peaceHomographs:bowv./bown.tearv./tearn.Completehomonyms:fastadj./fastv.Polysemy:whiledifferentw

25、ordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchawordiscalledapolysemicword.Themorecommonlyusedawordis,themorelikelyithasacquiredmorethanonemeaning.Forexample,thewordtablehasatleastsixmeaningswhenwelookitupinthedictionary:1.apieceoffurniture

26、2.allthepeopleseatedatatable3.thefoodthatisputonatable4.athinflatpieceofstone,mental,wood,etc5.orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc6.partofamachine-toolonwhichtheworkisputtobeoperatedonHyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregenera

27、linmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponymstoeachother.Forexample,Superordiante:flowerHyponyms:rose,tulip,carnation,lily,morninggolory第六课1.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?答：Generallyspeaki

28、ng,pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginthecontext.Itstudiesmeaninginadynamicwayandasaprocess.Inordertohaveasuccessfulcommunication,thespeakerandhearermusttakethecontextintotheirconsiderationsoastoeffecttherightmeaningandintention.Thedevelopmentandestablishmentpragmaticsin1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromth

29、eexpansionofthestudysemantics.However,itisdifferentfromthetraditionalsemantics.Themajordifferencebetweenthemliesinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaninginadynamicway,whilesemanticsstudiesmeaninginastaticway.Pragmaticstakescontextintoconsiderationwhilesemanticsdoesnot.Pragmaticstakescareoftheaspectofmeaningtha

30、tisnotaccountedforbysemantics.2.WhatarethefivetypesofillocutionaryspeechactsSearlehasspecified?Whatistheillocutionarypointofeachtype?答：(1)representatives:statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue(2)directives:tryingtogetthehearertodosomething(3)commissives:committingthespeakerhimselft

31、osomefuturecourseofaction(4)expressives:expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexisting(5)declarations:bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomethingTheillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomethingsbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid,inotherwords,whenperforminganillocution

32、aryactofrepresentative,thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Stating,believing,sweating,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.Directivesateattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosome-thing.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,wanting,threa

33、teningandorderingareallspecificinstancesofthisclass.Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction,i.e.whenspeakingthespeakerputshimselfunderacertainobligation.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalones.Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpres

34、sthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsorattitudestowardsanexistingstateofaffairs,e.g.apologizing,thanking,congratulating.Thelastclass“declarations”hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidan

35、dreality.3.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?答：CooperativePrinciple,abbreviatedasCP.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexch

36、angeinwhichyouareengaged.Tobemorespecific,therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:(1)ThemaximofquantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.(2)ThemaximofqualityDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.(3)ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.(4)ThemaximofmannerAvoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).Beorderly.第 11 页 共 11 页