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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上26 With different office factions campaigning, often simultaneously, for both warmer and coldertemperatures, and employees jockeying for cubicle position, office administrators need the wisdom ofSolomon to prevent civil war and keep the work place functioning day after day. Employee ene

2、rgylevels, job turnover , absenteeism, job satisfaction all these factors add up a companysproductivity, and all are inextricably bound up in employeesoffice design. Most of the thousands ofopenplan offices in this country are based on the assumption of averages: average needs, averagetasks and, if

3、taken to its logical end, average people. Yet, because these averages are distilled tothe point of uselessness, a significant percentage of office workers remain dissatisfied with theirsurroundings.与不同的办公室派别竞选活动，常常同时，较正常温暖及较冷的温度和隔间群雄逐鹿的雇员，办公室管理员需要防止内战和保持运作一天又一天的工作地方所罗门的智慧。雇员能量水平、 工作营业额、 旷工、 工作满意度所有这

4、些因素加起来一家公司的生产效率，和所有不可分割的联系 employeesoffice 设计中绑定。成千上万的 openplan 办事处在这个国家的大多数基于平均值的假设： 平均需要、 平均任务和，如果采取其逻辑终点，一般人。然而，这些平均值蒸馏水点不起作用，因为办公室工作人员的很大一部分仍不满意他们的环境。The problem is compounded by the fact that many open office systems have been rendereddysfunctional by constant configuration; although cubicle pa

5、nels are often designed for flexiblerelocation, lighting and duct work usually are not. Today, the major thrust of state of the artoffice design technology has been in the direction of personalized office environments. By givingcontrol of environmental factors, such as lighting and air flow, to indi

6、vidual workers in their ownwork spaces, companies are hoping to avoid the standard pitfalls of open office systems.问题的复杂的是，许多开放式办公系统呈现功能失调的常量配置 ；虽然隔间板往往针对灵活搬迁，照明和风管工作通常不是。今天，先进的办公室设计技术的主要目的已个性化的办公环境的方向。通过他们自己的工作空间中，个别工人给环境因素，例如照明和空气流动，控制，公司希望避免公开办公系统的标准的陷阱。Volker Hartkopf, professor of architecture

7、and director of the Center for Building Performanceand Diagnostics at Carnegie Mellon University, and Vivian Loftness, associate professor ofarchitecture, have done intensive studies of open offices and new“intelligent offices. ”According toHartkipf,“most buildings simply do not meet the standards w

8、e think they do. ”As an example,Hartkopf cites the case of the Place de la Chaudiere, a Canadian government building in Ottawa whereconstant growth and reconfiguration of office panels made the HVAC systems less and less capableuntil they were totally inadequate in providing thermal comfort and good

9、 air quality. In response to thebuildings growing insufficiencies, the employees staged a walk out, demanding better physicalworking conditions. Hartkopf and Loftnesss research has focused on buildings primarily in Japanand West Germany in which individual control of office functions have, to varyin

10、g degrees, beengiven over to workers. For example, at the Umeda Center in Osaka, distributed heat pumps were usedrather than a standard central heating system; 12 pumps were installed per floor, one for every four orfive work stations. Heating and cooling could thus be controlled by a collective dec

11、ision of themembers of any particular cluster of work stations.福尔克 哈特科普夫教授的体系结构和建筑性能和卡内基 梅隆大学和薇薇安洛夫特尼斯，副教授的体系结构，在诊断研究中心主任做了深入的研究开放办公室和新的智能办公室。Hartkipf，根据以大多数建筑只是不符合我们认为他们做的标准。作为一个例子，哈特科普夫引述绍迪耶地方德拉尔，加拿大政府在渥太华凡不断增长与重构的办公室事务委员会作出暖通空调系统越来越少能够直到它们完全不足提供热舒适和空气质素良好建设的情况。响应这座大楼的日益增长不足，雇员上演一走，苛刻的物理更好的工作条件。哈特

12、科普夫和洛夫特尼斯的研究重点主要在日本、 西德的建筑物，在单独控件的功能，在不同的程度，给了工人的办公室。例如，在大阪梅田中心，分布式的热泵用而不是标准的中央供暖系统 ；每层，一个用于每个四个或五个工作地点安装了 12 泵。因此可以由集体决定的工作地点的任何特定群集的成员控制加热和冷却。In addition, workers at the Umeda Center were given individual control of overhead lighting intheir particular areas with an on / off button on their comput

13、er keyboards. According to loftness, astrong workerscouncil in Germany has helped raise building standards there to a much higher levelthan in many other industrial nations. In response to the problem of people getting too far removedfrom natural light and air, Germany has adopted a voluntary standa

14、rd stating that a worker should bestationed no more than seven meters ( 23ft. ) from a window. The Germans have also pioneered the useof raised floor ducting, by which air can be routed from the floor rather than the ceiling,allowing forgreater air circulation此外，在梅田中心工作者受到单个控件在其特定领域具有架空照明的开 / 关在他们的计

15、算机键盘上的按钮。洛夫特尼斯，在德国的强 workerscouncil 有助提高建筑标准那里要比其他许多工业国家程度更高。响应问题的人变得太远从自然光线和空气，德国从窗口中通过了自愿标准说明一个工人应被派驻不超过七米 (23 英尺）。德国人也已率先架空的地板导热，其中空气可以从地板，而不是天花板，路由的使用允许拥有空气流通In most U. S. Systems, the diffusion of air takes place through ceiling; the result of thismethod, says Hartkopf, is that“there is good mi

16、xing of air at the ceiling level, but not appropriatemixing at the ground level where partitions can create pockets of stale air. ”In the planning of theColonial Insurance building in Cologne, workers were actually consulted on their specific needs anddesires for their offices. The workers requested

17、 operable windows, and indeed their wish wasgranted; the Colonial building, which houses 2, 000 people, became one of the first largecontemporary office buildings where operable windows were an original, intentional feature, a systemwas installed in the building that monitors the outside climate and

18、 suggests either leaving thewindows closed or open for maximum comfort. Other building features included raised floorair ducting panels that allow air distribution to be channeled and controlled through every cubicle.The floor panels are interchangeable and can be moved as work stations are reconfig

19、ured.在大多数的美国系统的空气扩散会发生通过天花板 ；这种方法，结果说哈特科普夫，是空气的 有良好混合的天花板一级空气但不是适当混合在地面水平分区可以在其中创建口袋的污浊。殖民地保险业在科隆建设规划中的工人其实谘询的具体需要和他们的办公室的欲望。工人要求可操作的 windows，并确实被授予他们的愿望 ；殖民地建筑，哪些房子 2，000 人，成为第一大现代办公室建筑物可操作性 windows 在哪儿原始的、 蓄意的功能之一，它监视外部气候表明要么离开窗户关闭或开启的最大安慰的建筑中安装了系统。包含其他建筑功能，允许通过每隔间的传递和控制空气分布的架空的地板空气管道面板。层面板可互换，如工作

20、地点将重新配置可以移动。Overhead light fixtures, individually controlled from each cubicle, were designed so that they,too, can be moved. American workers need not worry that we are falling too far behind in new officetechnologies. Johnson Controls, leading supplier of installed control systems for nonresidenti

21、albuildings, has developed Personal Environments, one of the most sophisticated personalized officesystems in the world. Developed by a consortium of researchers, manufacturers and designers,Personal Environments may well set the standard as the prototypical office of the future. In thePersonal Envi

22、ronments system, conditioned air, electrical wiring and telecommunications cables arerouted through the vertical partitions between offices and through a raised floor . 头顶上方的灯固定装置，分别从每个隔间，控制了设计，以便它们，也可以移动。美国的工人也不用担心我们落后太远办公室开发的新技术。江森，对于非建筑，安装的控制系统的领先供应商开发了个人的环境、 最先进的个性化的办公系统，在世界中的一个。研究人员、 制造商和设计师的联合

23、开发，个人环境可能设置标准作为未来的原型的办公室。在个人环境系统中，空调、 电气布线和电讯电缆路由通过办公室之间的垂直分区和地板。The raised floor system, similar to the one used in the Colonial building, was provided by TateAccess Floor; the temperature, volume and direction of air can be individually controlled by simplemechanisms in each work station. For addi

24、tional comfort, Personal Environments also includes Aztecradiant heat panels, installed under the desks to provide warmth to the lower half of the body.ESPAC, Inc. , an electronics corporation that supplies energy conservation products for industrialand institutional buildings, provided several piec

25、es for the Personal Environments package. First,“white noise”generators were installed to help employees cope with irritating office acoustics.架空的地板系统，类似于用于殖民地建筑，是由泰特访问层 ； 提供温度、 卷和方向的空气可以通过简单的机制，在每个工作地点单独控制。对于更感舒适，个人环境还包括提供较低的温暖的身体一半课桌下安装的阿兹台克辐射热板。工业和公共机构的建筑物的能源节约产品供应商电子公司 ESPAC，Inc.提供个人环境包几件。第一，白噪声

26、发电机安装帮助员工应付刺激性办公室声学。The device, which has a tone and volume control for adjusting the type of“white noise” itgenerates, helps restore a bit of the privacy inherently lacking in open office situations. And,addressing the visual issues of office design as well as the aural ones. Espac also provided ta

27、sklighting controls that are both individually operated and energy efficient. ESPACs third contributionto Personal Environments is perhaps the most ingenious: an occupancy sensor with an infra reddetection device that actually senses the presence of an occupant in a cubicle.该设备已调整的白噪声，它将生成类型语调和音量控制，

28、帮助恢复有点本身就缺乏在打开 office 的情况下的私隐。和处理办公室设计，以及是听力的视觉问题。Espac 还提供了被两个单独操作的任务照明控制和能源使用效率。ESPAC 的第三个人环境贡献或许是最巧妙： 入住传感器与实际感官的乘员在隔间存在的红检测设备。The sensor detects when a worker has left his or her area and switches the controls back to themost energy efficient levels; when the employee returns, the sensor resets

29、the controls to thepre selected levels. Thus, no excess energy is poured into areas that are not occupied. It will beinteresting to watch the developments of personalized office systems as we head to the end of thecentury. Productivity in the office is, of course, harder to measure in a quantifiable

30、 way thanproductivity in the factory. However, in Germany, where workers have relatively higher expectationsfor their work environments, attention to their needs in open office settings seems to have contributed, at least in part, to their booming economy. Perhaps with continued testing andmodificat

31、ion, advanced office systems will not be incongruous with the“ bottom line”preoccupation of American businesses.传感器检测到当一名工人已经离开他或她区和交换机控件回大部分能量效率高水平 ；当雇员返回时，传感器将控件重置为选定的前水平。因此，没有多余的能量被倒入不被占领的地区。很值得看的个性化的办公系统的发展，我们冲到了世纪的末尾。在办公室工作效率，当然是、 更加努力来测量可量化的方式比在工厂的生产效率。然而，在德国，工人有较高的 expectationsfor 他们的工作环境，注意其

32、需要在打开 office 设置似乎作出了贡献，至少在部分中，为迅速发展的经济。也许不断进行测试和修改，先进的办公系统将不合乎底线美国企业关注的问题。Lesson 35 How Much Do We Need? Materials knowledge第 35 我们需要多少课吗？ 材料知识The information super highway has paved the way to a wealth of information fordesigner s. Computerized databases, the Internet and the availability of“ virtu

33、al librarieson - line provide resources on ceavailable to only the largest corpora tions.But while technology has changed the way designers work, many still rely on old habits;especially in the selection of materials and processing technology. Material specifications are almostan afterthought or“som

34、eone elses task, in part because we prefer to work on the intangiblequalities of a product.数据超级公路的设计器的 计算机化数据库的可用性和互联网的信息丰富铺平了道路虚拟图书馆上-线上，只有最大的语料库罗湖区 ceavailable 提供了资源。但虽然科技已经改变方式，设计师，很多人仍然依赖于旧习惯 ；特别是在材料和加工工艺的选择。材料规格部分是好像事后修补或其他人的任务，因为我们喜欢的工作产品的无形的品质。The marketplace demands more. Today, the material

35、 often becomes the product. We know thatmaterials can help to differentiate our products character, add value, enhance performance andmake the difference between success and failure. In a world where new processes and new materialskeep appearing in a sea of acronyms coined to define endless combinat

36、ions, we need to constantlychallenge ourselves. We need to take more risks, do more research, explore more alternatives andlearn how to optimize our selections.市场上要求更多。今天，这种材料往往成为了产品。我们知道材料可以有助于区分我们产品的字符、 增值、 增强的性能和使成功和失败的区别。在新工艺和新材料不断出现的首字母缩写词定义无休止的组合创造了海洋中的世界，我们需要不断地挑战自我。我们需要采取更多的风险、 做更多的研究、 探索更多的

37、选择和学习如何优化我们的选择。We know what we want, we just have trouble asking the right questions to find the correctanswers and resources. Take the following examples:“Whats so great about this material, and why is it so gummy? I remember an industrialdesigner asking this question as he proceeded to explain tha

38、t he required a material that was bothstiff and flexible in certain circumstances.我们知道我们想要什么，我们只需要提出正确的问题，找到正确的答案和资源的麻烦。看下面的例子： 什么是关于这种材料，那么大，为什么是这样蔓？我记得要问，他边说边解释他需要一种物质是僵硬和灵活，在某些情况下，一个工业设计师。“Can you help specify a material without modifying our design? A well - known designcompany insisted on model

39、ing a computer housing with zero draft on all four sides, regardless ofcost. Needless to say, the manufacturer eventually discontinued the project because of its bad economics.“We need a material that has a medium to high level of comfort. This request came from afurniture designer for a new office

40、chair. The project required categorizing levels of comfort“ by theseat of this designers parts. 您能指定一种材料，而无需修改我们的设计吗？井-已知的设计公司坚持建模与零草案所有四个边，而不考虑成本的计算机房屋。不用说，制造商最终停止项目由于其糟糕的经济。“我们需要一到高水平的舒适已介质的材料。这一请求来自新的办公椅的家具设计器。所需的项目分类级别舒适的不靠的此设计器部件。“Can you help specify a material without modifying our design? A

41、well - known designcompany insisted on modeling a computer housing with zero draft on all four sides, regardless ofcost. Needless to say, the manufacturer eventually discontinued the project because of its bad economics.“We need a material that has a medium to high level of comfort. This request cam

42、e from afurniture designer for a new office chair. The project required categorizing levels of comfort“ by theseat of this designers parts.The role of education in this“ knowledge gap cannot be discounted. Design curricula havedone little to foster the exploration of materials and production methods

43、. On a recent tour of theBayer facility, a design student asked me the difference between a polymer and a monomer.Although this and similar questions reflect an appalling ignorance of materials, they also show anencouraging interest among students as well as professionals.您能指定一种材料，而无需修改我们的设计吗？井-已知的设

44、计公司坚持建模与零草案所有四个边，而不考虑成本的计算机房屋。不用说，制造商最终停止项目由于其糟糕的经济。“我们需要一到高水平的舒适已介质的材料。这一请求来自新的办公椅的家具设计器。所需的项目分类级别舒适的不靠的此设计器部件。这在教育的作用知识鸿沟，不打折扣。设计课程并没有提出促进材料和生产方法的探索。考察最近的拜耳设施，设计学生问我聚合物和单体之间的区别。虽然这和类似的问题反映材料的令人震惊的无知，它们还会显示鼓励学生，以及专业人士的兴趣。To address this interest, IDSA has created a Materials and Processes Special I

45、nterest Section.Our goals are to spark and nurture the natural curiosity of designers with regard to manufacturingprocesses; cultivate a better understanding of the differences, and demonstrate how we can applythem to the success of our products. We strongly believe that a basic understanding of mat

46、erials andprocesses should be a fundamental part of a designer s entry - level education, and we will work withIDSAs Education Committee to define the minimum requirements of such know - how a designstudent should possess upon graduation.为了解决这种兴趣，IDSA 创造了材料及流程特别兴趣组。我们的目标是火花，培育天然好奇心的设计者制造过程 ；培养的差异，更好

47、地了解并演示如何我们可以将它们应用于我们的产品的成功。我们坚信一个基本的了解，材料和工艺应该设计器条目-级教育、 基础的部分，我们将工作定义的最低要求的这种知道-withIDSA 的教育委员会如何设计学生应具备毕业时。The section also has formalized an alliance with the Society of the Plastics Industry ( SPI)Structural Plastics Division ( SPD) to share communication and programs. To that end, weve agreedto

48、 host our spring meeting at the annual SPI conference, scheduled for Atlanta this year. We haveexpanded our activity there to include a full days preconference. Were also working similarrelationships with the Society of Plastics Engineers Product Design and Development Division andthe American and Iron and Steel Institute.一节也已正式联盟与社会的塑料工业 (SPI) 结构塑料司 (SPD) 共享通信和程序。为此，我们已同意主办 SPI 年会上，亚特兰大定于今年我们春季会议。我们已扩大我们在那里的活动，包括一整天的 preconference。我们也正在与塑料工程师协会的产品设计和发展司和美国和铁和钢研究所类似的关系。Within IDSA, the section has established a strong worki