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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上黑体、小初，段后距1行，单倍行距打印时请删除衡水学院毕业论文（设计）英文文献翻译黑体、一号，单倍行距打印时请删除黑体、三号，左对齐，单倍行距打印时请删除学生姓名:系 别:专 业:年 级:学 号:指导教师:衡水学院教务处印制专心-专注-专业中文为宋体、西文为Times New Roman、四号，段前后距0.5行，单倍行距打印时请删除黑体、小四，单倍行距打印时请删除原 文 题目：Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective for Unification PsychologyWhats Social Cognitive Neurosc

2、ience? Social cognitive neuroscience (SCN) dated back to the beginning of twenty-first century. Oschner and Lieberman (2001) gave a concrete interpreting for SCN. They pointed out that SCN evolved from the interdisciplinary combination between social psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Meanwhile,

3、 they also argued that its goal seemed to understand phenomena in terms of interactions across three levels, including social, cognitive and neural. In particular, the name SCN denotes the interdisciplinary nature of this field, and emphasizes the characteristic of integrating data from multiple lev

4、els ranged from individual experience and behavior in the social contexts (social level) to information processing mechanisms giving rise to those phenomena (cognitive level) to the brain base (neural level). SCN is still relatively new; however, it builds on a lot of well established disciplines in

5、cluding social psychology, developmental psychology and cognitive psychology, evolutionary biology, neuropsychological and computer science. Each provides a solid basis of relevant research for SCN from different aspects (Blakemore, Winston,&Erith, 2004). In particularly, those studies on social cog

6、nition contribute more to the development of SCN, including stereotype, attitude forming and or attitude change, social judgment, self-knowledge and the interaction between emotion and cognition. Then, the technologies such as brain imaging or event related potentials (ERPs) contribute to it. In a w

7、ord, SCN encompasses numerous empirical studies on neural mechanism underlying social cognitive process (Blakemore, Winston,&Frith, 2004), and those studies on general cognitive process such as perception, language and memoryCould SCN Integrate Psychological Science?When we argue that SCN will integ

8、rate different fields of psychological science, there are many researchers or studies maybe question that why would be SCN, not others, and how does SCN integrate those divided approaches. We will discuss these problems in the following. However, we have to introduce the concept and construct of hum

9、anity hypothesis which the integration dependsHumanity Hypothesis Is the Beginning of Unification In general, there are two approaches in psychological science.One is human science approach, the other is natural science approach. The former is mainly guided by phenomenological philosophy, whereas th

10、e latter is instructed by empirical philosophy. Just so, those two guidelines result in they are different not only in their views but also in their methods. Specifically, human science approach in psychology mainly employs qualitative paradigm. It pays more attention to unique value of person becau

11、se it believes that there is important difference between person and machine such as computer, or animals such as Thorndikes cat or Tolmans rat. In contrast, the natural science approach of psychology mainly argues that the psyche or mind can be reduced to logic or processing of machine or others, s

12、uch as some activities of animals. Also for this, many radical theoretical psychologists name it reductionist. Hence,there is a great gap between these two approaches in methodology and method. As many textbooks mentioned, the former investigate psychological process and cognitive mechanism mainly d

13、epending on narrative analysis or other phenomenological methods, whereas the latter do this primarily depending on quantitive measures such as lab experiment and psychological test. According to the aforementioned, there is a great difference between these two approaches ranging from guidelines to

14、methods. People should realize that how different they are, although they all belong to psychological science. In this sense, they all explore and try to clarify humanity. Namely, there is a consensus between them. In sum, they want to explore and discuss mind and behaviors of human being.Unified Hu

15、manity Determines Unification Psychology In psychology, there are numerous humanity hypotheses, such as self-realization human hypothesis and complex human hypothesis. Different approaches of psychology are developed based on different humanity hypotheses. For example, our humanistic psychology was

16、developed by Maslow based on self-realization human hypothesis. If we want to investigate the reasons of division in psychological science, we will find that humanity hypothesis plays an important role in it. Why is it? Because those humanity hypotheses are so different that they guided different ap

17、proaches. However, those hypotheses reach little consensus. That is, those approaches of psychology which based on different or contrary humanity hypotheses share little similarity. Hence, different humanity hypotheses, to some extent, result in the division of psychology. When you critically review

18、ed those humanity hypotheses, you will find that each of them is not appropriate, because they only focuses on one side of humanity. In other words, human nature has been constructed different second-order humanities clarified by different humanity hypotheses. Second-order human nature is based on h

19、umanity on high ground, not primary and low ground, such as morality which was not based on basic and low ground, but based on high ground (similar to a noble person rather than an usual person). One prominent problem on humanity hypothesis is that it only focuses on social or psychological aspect o

20、f human nature, rather than every side of humanity. In such sense, a humanity hypothesis determines which direction psychological science goes ahead. If humanity is unified, people will perhaps have a unification psychology. To resolve such sharp difference in the literature, it is necessary to cons

21、truct a new and unified humanity hypothesis. Thus, we try to propose a unified humanity hypothesis (see Figure 1) The investigators believe that humanity includes different elements. Humanity co-evolved with sociality, physic nature, biological basis and experience or culture. Meanwhile, humanity is

22、 evolving with the growth of a person.Do Those Relate to SCN? Although previous content showed that humanity hypothesis seems to play a critical role in unification psychology, it has nothing with SCN. If so, why does SCN integrate psychological science? First, we should argue for SCN, because SCN r

23、elate to humanity hypothesis, and even to integration of psychology science. The main task of psychology is exploring consciousness and mind of human being. However, our behaviors and minds are shaped by our experiences and their underlying neurophysiologic mechanisms. Among these, our experiences o

24、ften occur in the context of the nurture, or mainly culture in which we develop and live, while, neurophysiologic mechanisms of our behaviors and minds mainly determined by our genes and brain, which influenced and even decided by our parents. In a word, our behaviors and minds are mainly determined

25、 by their genetic background and their experiences, thee former also named nature, the later nurture. What we have referred, SCN combines mainly cognitive neuroscience and social psychology. However, an important goal of social neuroscience research is to understand the basic genetic and neurobiolog

26、ical mechanisms underlying human sociality. Although this information can then be used for the development of novel treatment strategies for clinical disorders associated with disrupted social behaviors. Unfortunately, basic and clinical human research has been severely limited in its ability to dis

27、sect the complex interactions of genes, the environment, and the neural mechanisms underlying normal social processes (Cacioppo, Amaral et al，2007). It is not difficult to find that SCN try to understand neural basis of our behaviors and their underlying phenomena meaning. Meanwhile, we also underst

28、and these relationships between humanity and SCN. As noted above, SCN builds on a variety of well established disciplines including social, developmental and cognitive psychology, evolutionary biology, neuropsychology and computer science, especially social psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Wha

29、t we should emphasize, social psychologies mainly focus on social phenomena and its psychological meanings, cognitive neuroscience mainly pay attention to neural or physiological basis of minds and behaviors. However, humanity is mainly influenced by such two factors. Therefore, SCN relate to humani

30、ty hypothesis, and even to integration of psychology science.SCN Integrates Psychology: A Framework Psy-DNA Model In this respective, we proposed a unification framework corresponding to our humanity hypothesizes, which named Psy-DNA model and dated back to Wundt and inspired by Wason and Cricks DNA

31、 model (see Figure 2). In Wundts time, Wundt has tried to sketch a blueprint of psychology system. His works of Contribution to the theory of sensory perception depict a young scientists dream; he originally proposed a great idea that he wants to construct a discipline composed by both experiment ps

32、ychology and social psychology. What we should point is that the underlying understandings of so-called experiment psychology and folk psychology, at least in following understanding of both. In classical works of psychology, Wundts experiment psychology more has been viewed physiological psychology

33、, which acquired their results and conclusion by experiment, including experiment in the labs or in the field. However, there are many different viewpoints or opinions focus on the understanding of Wundts folk psychology, some studies believe in that there is not any difference between culture psych

34、ology and folk psychology, some researchers argued that the meaning of folk psychology is equal to social psychology, although more people argued for the latter. In Wundts following works, such as The Principles of Physiological Psychology, he has given a more specific and detailed elaboration for h

35、is science dream in its preamble. According to his clarify canon in The Principles of Physiological Psychology, the folk psychology refers to the latter subject who includes more different fields, such as law, art and morality which related to social phenomenon. That is, the Psy-DNA model is develop

36、ed from Wundts psychology system. 中文为宋体、西文为Times New Roman、四号，段前后距0.5行，单倍行距打印时请删除黑体、小四，单倍行距打印时请删除译 文TITLE：社会认知神经科学的角度统一心理学（正文-打印时请删除）中文为宋体、西文为Times New Roman、小四，首行缩进2字符，行距固定值22磅。打印时请删除社会认知神经科学是什么？社会认知神经科学(SCN)追溯到二十一世纪的开始。Oschner和利伯曼为视交叉上核(2001)给一个具体的解释。他们指出,视交叉上核从跨学科的结合社会心理学和认知神经科学。与此同时,他们还认为,它的目标似乎

37、理解现象之间的交互三个层次,包括社会、认知和神经。特别是名字SCN表示这一领域的跨学科性质,并强调集成数据的特点从多个水平范围从个人经验和行为在社会环境中(社会行为水平)信息处理机制引起这些现象(认知水平)(神经到大脑基地级)。视交叉上核仍是相对较新的;然而,它建立在大量良好的学科包括社会心理学、发展心理学和认知心理学、进化生物学、神经心理学和计算机科学。每个视交叉上核提供了一个坚实的基础的相关研究从不同方面(&Erith布莱克莫尔,温斯顿,2004)。特别是,这些研究社会认知的发展做出更多贡献,视交叉上核,包括原型、态度形成和或态度的变化,社会判断、自我认知和情感与认知之间的交互。然后,脑成

38、像等技术或事件相关电位(erp)的贡献。总之,视交叉上核包含大量实证研究在底层社会认知神经机制的过程(弗里斯布莱克莫尔,温斯顿,2004年),和这些研究一般认知过程如知觉、语言和记忆视交叉上核能够集成心理科学吗？当我们认为SCN将整合心理科学的不同领域,有许多研究者或研究也许疑问,为什么会视交叉上核,没有其他人,SCN如何集成这些划分方法。在下面我们将讨论这些问题。然而,我们必须引入的概念和构造集成取决于人性假说。人性假设是统一的开始一般来说,有两种方法在心理科学。一种是人文科学的方法,另一种是自然科学的方法。前者主要是由现象学哲学,而后者是指示实证哲学。这样,这两个准则导致他们不仅是不同的在

39、他们的观点,而且在它们的方法。具体来说,人类科学心理学的方法主要采用定性范式。它更关注独特价值的人,因为它相信,人与机器之间有重要的区别,如电脑,或动物如桑代克的猫或杜尔曼的老鼠。相反,心理学的自然科学方法主要认为心理或思想可以减少逻辑或处理的机器或其他人,比如动物的一些活动。也为此,许多激进的理论心理学家的名字它还原论者。因此,这两种方法有很大差距在方法论和方法。像许多教科书提到,前者研究心理过程和认知机制主要取决于叙事分析或其他现象学的方法,而后者这么做主要取决于数量的措施,例如实验室实验和心理测试。 根据前面提到的,这两种方式有很大的区别,从指导方法。人们应该意识到他们是多么不同,虽然他

40、们都属于心理科学。从这个意义上讲,他们都探索和尝试阐明人类。也就是说,它们之间有一个共识。总之,他们想要探索和讨论人类的思想和行为。 统一的人类决定统一心理学 在心理学中,有许多人性假设,如“自我实现人”假设、“复杂人”的假设。心理学的不同方法是基于不同的人性假设开发的。例如,我们的人本主义心理学是由马斯洛自我实现基于人类的假设。如果我们想调查部门在心理科学的原因,我们会发现人性假说中发挥着重要作用。为什么是吗?因为这些人性假设是如此不同,它们引导不同的方法。然而,这些假设达到共识。也就是那些心理学方法基于不同或相反的人性假设共享相似。因此,不同的人性假设,在某种程度上,导致分工的心理学。 当

41、你批判了人性假设,你会发现他们每个人都是不合适的,因为他们只关注人性的一面。换句话说,构造不同的二阶人文澄清了人性不同的人性假设。二阶人性是基于人类高地上,不是主要和较低的地面,如道德并不是基于基本和较低的地面,但基于高地(类似于一个高尚的人,而不是一个平常的人)。人性假设的一个突出问题是,它只关注人性的社会或心理方面,而不是人类的四面八方。在这种意义上,一个人性的假设决定哪个方向心理科学进展顺利。如果人性是统一的,人们也许会有统一的心理。 解决这种文学大幅差异,有必要建立一个新的统一的人性假设。因此,我们试图提出一个统一的人性假设(见图1),研究者们认为,人类包括不同的元素。人性和社会性密切

42、相关,物理性质,生物学基础和经验或文化。与此同时,人类进化的一个人的成长。哪些与视交叉上核有联系吗？ 尽管之前的内容显示,人类统一的心理学假设似乎起着至关重要的作用,它与视交叉上核无关。如果是这样,为什么SCN整合心理科学?首先,我们应该主张视交叉上核,因为视交叉上核与人性假设,甚至心理科学的整合。 心理学的主要任务是探索人类的意识和精神。然而,我们的行为和思想都受到了我们的经验和他们的潜在的神经生理机制。其中,我们的经验往往发生在培养的背景下,或主要文化的发展和生活,同时,我们的行为和思想的神经生理机制主要是由我们的基因决定和大脑,影响甚至决定由我们的父母。一句话,我们的行为和思想主要是由他

43、们的遗传背景和经历,你还任命前自然,后来的培养。 我们已经提到,视交叉上核结合主要是认知神经科学和社会心理学。然而,社会神经科学研究的一个重要目标是理解人类社会性的基本遗传和神经生物学机制。尽管这些信息可以用于临床疾病的新治疗策略的发展与破坏社会行为有关。不幸的是,人类基础和临床研究已严重限制其解剖基因的复杂的交互能力,环境,和正常的社会过程的潜在神经机制(Cacioppo Amaral等,2007)。不难发现,SCN试图理解我们的行为和他们的潜在的神经基础现象的意义。与此同时,我们也理解这些人类和视交叉上核之间的关系。如上所述,SCN建立在各种完善的学科包括社会、发展和认知心理学,进化生物学

44、,神经心理学和计算机科学,特别是社会心理学和认知神经科学。我们应该强调,社会心理学主要关注社会现象及其心理意义,认知神经科学主要关注神经或生理基础的思想和行为。然而,人类主要是受到这两个因素的影响。因此,视交叉上核与人性假设,甚至心理科学的整合。视交叉上核整合心理学:一个框架Psy-DNA模型 在这的,我们提出了一个统一框架对应我们的人性假设,名叫Psy-DNA模型和追溯到冯特和灵感来自沃森和克里克的DNA模型(见图2)。在冯特的时间,冯特心理学试图勾勒蓝图。他的作品的“感官知觉的理论贡献”描述一个年轻科学家的梦想;他最初提出了一个好主意,他想建立一个纪律由实验心理学和社会心理学。我们应该指出

45、的是,所谓的潜在理解实验心理学和民间心理学,至少在以下的理解。在心理学的经典作品,冯特的实验心理学更被认为生理心理学,通过实验获得了他们的研究结果和结论,包括实验在实验室或现场。然而,有许多不同的观点或意见关注冯特的民俗心理的理解,一些研究相信,没有任何区别文化心理和民俗心理,一些研究人员认为,民间心理学的意义等于社会心理学,虽然越来越多的人主张后者。冯特的作品后,如“生理心理学的原则”,他给了一个更具体的和详细的阐述他的科学梦想的序言。根据他的澄清佳能在“生理心理学的原则”,民间心理学是指后者主题包括更多不同的领域,比如法律、艺术和道德相关的社会现象。也就是说,Psy-DNA模型是由冯特心理学体系。 注；此模板仅供参考，与撰写规范相矛盾之处以撰写规范为准，或根据各专业自行制定的毕业论文（设计）管理规范为准。