精品正向推理法快速解决托福阅读推断题.doc

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1、正向推理法快速解决托福阅读推断题推理题作为难度较高容易出错的题型 ,小编整理了一些应对推理题的小攻略，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读攻略：推理题推理“度”的把握TPO的做题经验告诉我们，推理题的答案既要防止“推理过度”，又要小心“推理不足”，这个 度 拿捏不好，推理题的正确率就不高。题目分类我们可以把它的题目分为两类。一类是“题干定位型”，一类是“选项定位型”。题干定位题，顾名思义，就是通过题目中的词可以定位到原文中答案所在的位置从而选出答案;而选项定位型则是指无法通过题目来定位的情况，比如说：题目问What can be inferred about stingless bee

2、s ?而原文中整段都在讲stingless bees，就没有办法去具体定位，这个时候就可以利用选项去定位原文。反向推理今天我们来介绍一种解题办法反向推理。在学术写作中，当我们将事物按照某种标准进行分类后，分类的内容既不重合也不丢失。比如我们把A分成X和Y,X和Y之间没有重合的部分，同时X和Y合并构成A,也不会丢失A的某一部分。这样一来，当我们知道X所具有某一个特性，就能推出Y不具有这样的特性，这就是反向推理。TPO例题A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one speci

3、es lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interact

4、ing in a particular area.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?A.It excludes interactions between more than two species.B.It makes it less likely for species within a community, to survive.C.Its significance to the organization of biological communitie

5、s is small.D.Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.题目解析根据题干的commensalism, 可以找到定位区间 There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community 。

6、第一句话罗列了三种关系，第二句话强调了第一种和第三种是key factor，那么没有提到的第二种-也就是题干所问的这一种，反推可知commensalism不是key factor。所以答案就是C, its significance is small.C选项只是对于我们推出的 commensalism不是key factor 进行了同意改写，同学们要擦亮慧眼哦。超级干货|托福阅读推理题攻略首先看一下官方OG的解说These questions measure your ability to comprehend an argument or an idea that is strongly im

7、plied but NOT explicitly stated in the text.所以，推断题指文中包含推断所需信息，强烈暗示，但未直接陈述出来，需要考生：? 从已知到未知? 从客观到主观? 从原文迈出一步推理题题型辨别：题干中常用词：infer，imply，suggest，probably，most likelyleast likely试卷中所占比重：每篇0到3题，共3到5题。常用题型表达：? What can be inferred about hurricane? It/what can be inferred from? Which of the following can be

8、 inferred? What probably occurred推理题的出题思路可以分为：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索) 如：2. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?They are considered by some to be reptiles.Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.They are distantly relate

9、d to leatherback turtles.They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索如Which of the following can be inferred?我们无法用题目核心词确定目标句。从解题思路来说，可以分为逆向推理和正向推理逆向推理一般应用在形成对比的事物或者时间段根据两个事物的对比特征出题，问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：What can be inferred about early sea otters?A. It is not d

10、ifficult to imagine what they looked like.B. There were great numbers of them.C. They lived in the sea only.D. They did not leave many fossil remains.据题干中的early sea otters 确定的原文目标句Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affin

11、ities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea)， it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.目标句告诉我们的是early sea otters和first whales不像，所以我们可以把first whales的特点反过来

12、就是答案了。所以本题选择A。再来看一个时间对比的例子：这类推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。如：It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution families were larger. population statistics were unreliable. the population grew steadily. economic conditions were bad.利用题干关键词b

13、efore the Industrial Revolution 定位到Basic on any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western worl

14、d since the time of the Industrial Revolution.因为目标中提到since the time of the Industrial Revolution，smaller families，所以之前应该是大家庭。答案选择A。但是有时候需要略微转化一下原文和选项如：What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927? They were truly “silent”.? They were accompanied by symphonic orch

15、estras.? They incorporated the sound of the actors voices.? They corresponded (related) to specific musical compositions.根据题干1927，找到目标句Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginni

16、ng, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment.并且可以得到结论after 1927，电影应该是有声的。可是选项里面后三个都是有声的，所以要进一步确定有什么声音。从原文第二句可以看出，音乐声是一开始都有的，所以此题的有声是指演员说话声。所以选择C.总结一下有共性的题目的解题思路：读题干，确定是推理题1. 读题干，确定是推理题2. 识别题干中关键词3. 定位原文目标句4. 仔细阅读目标句，做出合适推理5. 浏览选项，得出答案(正向选择加排除法)另外一种经典推理思路是正向推理法。正向推理的条件：整体和部分特质一致A: 给定段落中无推

17、理对象B: 举例引发的整体和部分推理如：Which of the following reasons is suggested in paragraph 2 for the extinction of the dinosaurs? Changes in the lengths of the days and nights during the late Cretaceous period?Droughts caused by the movement of seaways back into the oceans.? The change from mild to severe climate

18、s during the Late Cretaceous period?An extreme decrease in the average yearly temperature over 10,000yearsOver a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps

19、dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct.从目标句不难看出答案是C因为推理题很多时候答案不明确，所以排除法很重要，Cathy老师帮大家总结出了干扰项的特点及答案的特点。 与原文矛盾，或者逻辑混乱 比较题,最高级 选项使用绝对词all, always, every, any, only, must, never , none, impossible, cant , the most, the best, the first 相对词出现易对如likely, may, possi

20、ble, probable, perhaps上述例子基本都是有目标句的，实际考试中也有目标句不明确的情况 即无共性的推理题。无共性的推理题解题思路1. 读题干，确定是推理题2. 识别题干中关键词(段几)3. 浏览目标段4. 浏览选项，排除，对比得出答案如：1. Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1? Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat. The purpose of migrat

21、ion is to join with larger groups of birds. Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south. The destination of birds migration can change from year to year.Paragraph 1：To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins si

22、mply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The q

23、uestion perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and. in the process, raised new questions.通过浏览原文目标段，逐一排除选项，得出答案C托福阅读推理第一步审题，分析题干关键信息用以确定原文考点句。就一般规律而言，题干的关键词在原文中会出现一两处，并且邻近几句中出现。所以先分析和确定题干中的关键词，再迅速扫读原文确定出题句很重要。第二步定位，根据题干的关键词，在段落中扫

24、读缩小出题范围，特别要留意语法结构负责的长难句，同学往往比较容易略读而跳过了关键词。对应要点，找到出题句，然后着重分析长难句。第三步核实，分析选项并确定正确选项。推理题的正确选项有两类特征，一是跟原文信息进行反推;二是从大范围推小范围，即分析原理句和举例句之间的关系。下面以TPO5第1篇文章MINERALS AND PLANTS为例，来分析下推理题的解题思路。TPO5-1It can be inferred from Paragraph6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, p

25、hytoremediationA. does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes.B. can be faster to implementC. is equally friendly to the environmentD. is less suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of time.Only recently have investigators considered using these

26、plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond

27、 contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, t

28、he site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pak

29、istan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.题目解析：第一步：审题和分析题干关键词，题干的相关信息standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils，然后扫读段落，确定出题句，因此着重在第二步解析长难句。第二步：定位且锁定出题句：After several years ofcultivation and harvest, the site would be re

30、stored at a cost much lower thanthe price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation ofcontaminated soils.精读长难句：After several years ofcultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower thanthe price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for re

31、mediation ofcontaminated soils.提炼相关信息：lower than之前都是指本段主题题phytoremediation的特征，(1)After several years ofcultivation and harvest 经过多年的栽培和收割(2)the site would be restored at acost much lower原址修复费用相比而言较低第三步：分析选项A. does not allow for the use of the removedminerals for industrial purposes.【未提及】B. can be fa

32、ster to implement【跟原句信息(1)矛盾】C. is equally friendly to the environment【并非出现在出题句，没有构成比较关系】D. is less suitable for soils that need to be usedwithin a short period of time.【可以根据信息(1)(2)反推得出】规律点评：推理题一般以反推为主，找到出题句并仔细分析核心信息非常关键。希望考生在备考推理题时，可以积极思考并总结原句和推理句之间的逻辑关系，今后遇到推理题的时候解题更加游刃有余。正向推理法快速解决托福阅读推断题!众所周知托福阅

33、读考试当中有10大类题型，除了图表题近年来很少看到之外，其它9类题型在考试三篇文章中均会出现。如果大家在托福备考的过程当中对于这些题型没有了解其结构以及解题方法，那么对托福阅读考试提分是非常不利的。今天小编就为大家带来托福阅读10大题型之一 【推断题】的解题技巧，托福阅读推理题，每篇总是会有1-2道，在最新TPO中，此类推理题呈现上升趋势，一次考试总共有5-6道。所谓【托福阅读推理题】，就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。官方指南是这样说的：对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解”。其中，强烈暗示，即原文中给定的信息与正确答案的信息紧密相连，但含蓄

34、间接，所以推断题不仅需要同学们学会快速定位，还需要大家能够正确分析文中相关内容，集合文章提供信息推理出合理选项。我们先来说说怎么定义一道题是推断题，其实推断题往往题干中会包含“infer、suggest、imply、indicate”一些单词。出题形式如下：l Which of the following can be inferred about X?l The author of the passage implies that X?总的来说，推断题的解题技巧分为正向推理和逆向推理;今天小编主要给大家介绍托福阅读推断题的正向推理法。正向推理最终答案所描述的特质与文章所描述的特质一致。这种一

35、致性往往体现为“整体”和“部分”特质一致，因此“正向推理”也叫做“整体与部分推理”。话不多说，看例题：练习TPO2-P2Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12

36、 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus w

37、as undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.Question:It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locationsA. On landB. Both on land and at seaC. In shallow waterD. In a marine environment解析：扫读原文，没有提及关于 “bred and gave

38、 birth”的相关信息;因此需要推断。但是原文提到 “Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale”.“fully marine whale” 属于整体性质; “bred and gave birth”是部分性质;“部分”应该具备“整体”性质;因此“bred and gave birth”同样是“fully marine”?因此此题正确答案为 D。小伙伴们理解了么?如果停留在看的阶段，一直没有去做去实施，那效果必然不尽如人意，实践出真知，运用以上讲解的正向推理法来自己试一道练习题吧练习题Even the kind of stability

39、 defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals gro

40、wing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple

41、system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child s tricycle.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?A. They become less stable as they mature.B. They support many species when they reach climax.C. They are found in temperate zones.D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages如何同时准备TOEFL和GRE还互不耽误 如何同时准备TOEFL和GRE还互不耽误?“一心两用”是个技术活今天小编给大家带来了 第 18 页 共 18 页