考研英语翻译ppt.ppt

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1、考研英语翻译,A,命题形式,主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力（即主要考查考生依据上下文的帮助对于具有较大难度的语句在理解和书面表达方面的能力。）。要求考生阅读一篇约400（2012：420）词的文章，并将其中5个画线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。,详见大纲解读,题型特点,1、文章题材：偏文倾向03：人类学；04：语言与思维的关系；05：大众传媒；06年：美国的知识分子；07：法律的学习；08：达尔文的思维表达；09：教育学；10：自然与经济的关系；11：书评；12：对普遍真理的追求,题型特点,2、语法结构：关系复杂非谓语动词（形容词短语）逻辑关系

2、指代：代词it, they, that, this, one从句：,题型特点,3、词汇：上下文一词多义，一词转义（具体场合的特定含义）,英汉语言差异,语态连接词形式主语和宾语定语位置名词化非谓语动词,做题思路与步骤,分清主次关系，注意“左邻右舍”1 划动词，确定主谓，明确分句2 缕清关系（主从 ），确定词意，按意群翻译3 按逻辑，调整语序（每意群），写中文表达4 重新组合，删除多余，并核对检查,翻译技巧和方法,I. 分清主从 把握结构,分清主从是理清原文结构，拟出译文整体框架的关键，而辨析词义是确保译文准确的前提。It is hard to believe that automobiles,

3、radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator, to mention only a few items, have come into common use within thirty years. 且举几件东西来说吧，汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱，这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广泛的应用，这简直令人难以置信。,1. 抓主谓结构The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than 100 years a

4、go, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.（2002）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。,I. 分清主从 把握结构,2. 抓关键信息Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crew members st

5、ood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.看到那些栏杆，不由使人想起七十四年前这艘巨轮船体倾斜沉入波涛的那个暗无星月的夜晚，当时那些惨遭厄运的乘客和船员也曾站在这些栏杆旁。,I. 分清主从 把握结构,3. 抓逻辑关系The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the pau

6、city of the information media.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是于外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。,I. 分清主从 把握结构,II. 遣词用字 恰如其分,1英汉词字对应关系2词义辨析,1英汉词字对应关系,1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词，技术词汇等，如: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin 阿斯匹林 激光 = laser白血病 = leukemia,2）多词同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样，但色彩意义不同的对应词，如： 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人wife： 总

7、统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长 president:,3）一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词，如：cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿.carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧.,4）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生，也即是一组词义相近的词，根据不同的上下文，可以译作对应词语中的任何一个，如英语中的say, speak, talk, tell与汉语的“说、讲、谈、诉”之间的关系：5）无对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少，偶有发生，一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉之间的

8、对应关系。teenager ；hacker,2词义辨析,1) 根据构词法辨别词义MiniskirtMicrosoftSpaceshipThermometerFuturist,2) 根据指代关系辨别词义(1) He father sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康

9、那样给人以幸福。(或: 因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。),3) 根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) Hell be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The girls story is one o

10、f the saddest.,4) 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。 （机械）(2) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）(3) The weary troops marched back to the base.疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地。（军事）(4) He is on the second base.他在二垒。（体育）,III. 直译意译 抓住要点,What easier way is there f

11、or a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法使人们看不出他们的职业身份呢？,直译意译,1Every life has its roses and thorns.直译：每个人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荆棘。意译：人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。2. Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft.直译：

12、把贵重物品放在现眼处，等于是给小偷发请帖。意译：应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗。,3. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.直译：礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。意译：大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。（礼是敲门砖。）4. What the tongue says, the neck pays for.直译：舌头说话，脖子还账。意译：舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。,IV. 适当增添 清楚明了,一般来说，翻译时不应对原文的内容随意增减。不过，由于英汉两种语言文字之间所存在的悬殊差异，在实际翻译过程中很难做到词字上的完全对应。一般情况是

13、为意义完整而增译，,增词法的常用情况,1增添原文语法所省略的词语1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。,2 增添必要的连接成分增加连词英语中的并列连词和从属连词大都是以单个单词出现，而汉语中的联合连词和偏正连词大都是成对出现。因此，在将英语译成汉语时，应将汉语的连词补充完整。如:if，如果，那么because因为，所以; although虽然，但是; unless除非，否则1) Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。,

14、3用增词法表达出原文的复数概念和数量词英语中没有量词，而汉语表达中的量词却是不可缺少的1) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。,2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。3) Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。,4用增词

15、法把抽象概念表达清楚1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。2) After all preparations were made, the plane took off.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。,5增加完善性或概括性的词语1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。2) According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.根据科学家们的看法

16、，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。3) A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathon肯尼亚的一位长跑选手赢得了波士顿42公里马拉松赛冠军。,6重复性增词1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。,7修辞或连贯增词1) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。2) They build roads,

17、houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals.他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。3) A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion.科学家经常设法否定自己的假设，推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。,V. 词语省略 言简意赅,一般来说，汉语较英语简练，因此，许多在原文中必不可少的词语要是原原本本地译成汉语，就会成为不必要的冗词，译文会显得十分累赘。省略法在英汉翻译中使用得非常广泛，其主要目的是删去一些可有可无、不

18、符合译文习惯表达法的词语。,省略技巧的常用情况,1代词的省略 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them.他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，顿受感染。,2. 冠词的省略 The direction of a force can be represented by

19、 an arrow.力的方向可以用箭头表示。,3. 介词连词的省略(1) If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.早知如此，我就不参加了。(2) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,4. 动词的省略When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。,5. 非人称代词“It”的省略 Outside it was pitch-dark and

20、it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。,VI. 转换变通 自然流畅,在翻译过程中，由于两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异，我们有时必须改变原文某些词语的词类或句子成分才能有效地传达出原文的准确意思。,My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 我的看法（观点）是，一代人对下一代人常常抱怨，这一点是在所难免的。,英译汉的词类转换方法技巧,1.各种词类转换成动词汉语的动词使用频

21、率比英语高, 所以将英语各种词类转换成汉语动词是最常见的词类转换。,1) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。（名词转为动词）2) Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said听他一说，房间里的每个人都大吃一惊。（介词转为动词）3）In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.在这种情况下，炉温就升高。(副词转为动词),2各种词类转换为名词The ne

22、w contract would be good for ten years.新的合同有效期为10年。（形容词转为名词） He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。（副词转为名词）,3各种词类转为形容词Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.地震与断裂运动有密切的关系。（副词转为形容词）,4. 各种词类转换成副词1) Below 4, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在4度以下就不

23、断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。（形容词转为副词）2) I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。（名词转为副词）,句子成分转换形式,在很多情况下，英语中不同的句子成分也可以根据翻译的需要进行互相转换；譬如，主语转为宾语，宾语转为主语，主语转为谓语，主语转为定语，状语转为主语等等。,1) As the match burns, heat and light are given off.火柴燃烧时发出光和热。(主语转为宾语)2) This sort of stone has a rela

24、tive density of 2.7.这种石头的相对密度是2.7。(宾语转为主语)3) Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.应当始终注意保护仪器，不使其沾染灰尘和受潮。(主语转为谓语),4) Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。(主语转为谓语，宾语转为主语)5) The baby doubled its weight in a year这婴儿的体重一年中长了

25、一倍。(主语转为定语)6) Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast成千上万的观众目瞪口呆，心嗵嗵直跳。(定语转为谓语),7) The test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks. 本测验的目的是强化你们过去几个月内所学的知识。(谓语转为表语)8) Mathematics is well taught at that school那个学校的数学教得好。（状语转为主语）9) The ocean wa

26、s filled with turtles and fish, ready for the net.海洋里鱼鳖成群，张网可得。（宾语转为主语）,VII. 结构调整 顺理成章,结构调整是英汉互译中的又一常用翻译技巧。由于英汉不同的造句结构和表达习惯，英语中有些句子的词序、语序在译成汉语时，应加以调整，使其符合汉语的表达习惯。,Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselve

27、s made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. （2000）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种方式相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新压力。,结构调整的常用方法技巧,1顺序法; 即按原文的句子顺序翻译。1) It was strange that a day of war was a day we stood still. We couldnt move-that must have been the whole idea-so we had no choice but to watch. 奇怪的是战

28、争的那天我们却原地按兵不动。我们不能动弹这就是这次战争的整个含意除了监视敌人，我们别无他法。,2逆序法；即颠倒原文的顺序，将句首的内容放到句尾，句尾的内容放到句首。1)He was dumb-founded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone她非要他讲清楚他津贴中的每一分钱都到哪儿去了，他哑口无言。,3. 时序法；按事件发生时间的先后顺序翻译。1) We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamit

29、ies that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在家里读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。,4. 拆分法；将句中的插入成分提取出来单独翻译，另起一句放在句末。1) They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。2) Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办

30、法，这显然不合情理。,VIII. 语态转换 约定俗成,英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其以科技英语最为常见。考试中的阅读内容中有相当量的科技题材，所以翻译题目也往往少不了被动语态的处理。,The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. （2002）行为科学之所以发

31、展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。,翻译被动语态的常用方法技巧,汉语中的被动结构不那么常用，因为从习惯上讲，汉语中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人以不那么舒服的感觉，因此在英汉翻译时，我们应尽量将被动语态化为主动结构,1将英语被动直接转为汉语的主动1）Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed from one form into another.每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变为另一种形式。（保持原主语不变）2）The picture was pain

32、ted by Professor Smith.这幅画是史密斯教授画的。（转换为系表结构）,2将英语被动转为汉语的无主句1) The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.必须立即终止这种的噪音。2) Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到采取防腐新措施。,3 英语被动语态保持不变英语被动语态的翻译，在必要的时候（尤其是用以表达令人不快的事件）也可以译作汉语的被动结构，分别译作“被”、“给”、“遭”、“受”、“让”、“为所”等字眼。

33、1) Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。2) At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.月底，他因自己无能而给解雇了。,4英语被动语态用意译法表达 英语被动语态的谓语都是及物动词，有时候汉语中没有类似的表达法。在这种情况下，就只能根据原文的意思进行意译。1) The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.

34、这个村子里住着大约13,000农民。2) Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter.大多数树木冬天要落叶。,IX. 正反交替 相得益彰,英语中的否定按语言学家们的划分大致上有4类：完全否定（带no的词语，如nothing, none等）、半否定（hardly, scarcely等）、部分否定（not all, not every等）及带否定意义的词语（fail, without等），翻译时一般情况下可以对号入座。不过也并非见到yes便是“是”，no便是“不”，有很多情况需要根据具体问题酌情处理，,Until these issues are reso

35、lved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002）字面翻译：直到这些问题被解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续被排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。 （正说反译）,正反交替的一般处理方法,1. 英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式1) It was beyond his power to sign

36、 such a contract. (prep.)他无权签订这种合同。(介词beyond由“超过”之意转译为“无”)2) Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. (adv.)时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。(副词worst由“最糟”之意转译为“最不善于”),2 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1) Dont lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。（不要丧失赶快）2) Some people can eat what they like and g

37、et no fatter有些人爱吃什么就吃什么，照样瘦。（不长胖照样瘦）,3同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1) Im new to the work.这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉。）2) He is free with his money.他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬。）,4英语中的双重否定结构1) There is no rule that has no exception.所有的规则都有例外。（没有不例外的规则。）2) There is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利必有一弊。3) It never rains bu

38、t it pours.不雨则已，雨必倾盆。4) It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.人不会不犯错误。（人总会犯错误。）,5否定的转移英语动词think，believe，suppose，notbecause等否定结构，在译成汉语时，须将否定的部位由句子的前面转移到后面，这就叫做“否定的转移”。如：1) I dont think we need waste much time on this.我想我们不必在这个问题上浪费许多时间。2) She didnt believe that such things mattered

39、much.她认为这种事情无关紧要。,6. 翻译中的否定的陷阱 allnot（并非都）1) All that glitters is not gold.发光的不一定都是金子。2) All cities did not look like as they do today.在过去，城市并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。bothnot（并非两者都）1) But you see, we both cannot go.但是我告诉你，我们俩不能同时都走。2) Both the instruments are not precision ones.这两件东西不都是精密仪器。,cannottoo（怎么也不足以）1

40、) The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不。2) I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness.不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩于万一。3) You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 校对时，越仔细越好。,for all（尽管；不；说不定）1) He seemed as fresh as ever, for all that I never saw him drink or

41、 eat.尽管我从未见到他喝点什么或吃点什么，他似乎仍然精神饱满。2) You may leave at once for all I care.你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。,It be + adj. + noun + that（再也会）1) It is a good workman that never blunders.智者千虑，必有一失。（再聪明的工匠也难免出错。）2) It is a long lane that has no end.路必有弯。（再长的胡同也有尽头。）3) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. 坏事未必对人人都有害处。（再

42、坏的事也不是对人人都有害处。）,X. 定语从句 合分替换,They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. （2002）自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定

43、的必不可少的前提。,翻译定语从句的常用方法技巧,1.合并法译例1) Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。2) In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all.在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点灰尘。,2.分译法译例They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and

44、for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。,3. 兼有状语功能的定语从句的译例1) We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。（表示原因）,For any ma

45、chine whose input and output forces are known, its mechanical advantage can be calculated.对于任何机器来说，如果知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效益。（表示条件） Ill try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary, which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly.我要设法弄一本有插图的技术名词词典，以便把科学文献译得更准确。（表示目的）,