初中语法总结精编版.docx

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1、精品名师归纳总结中学英语语法一名词I. 名词的种类：专出名词一般名词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结国名.的名.人名, 团体.机构名称II. 名词的数：1. 规章名词的复数形式：可数名词不行数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规章列表如下：规章例词1一般情形在词尾加 -smap-maps, girl-girls, day-days2以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, watch-watches, dish-dishe

2、s可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结以-f 或-fe 结尾的3词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加 -esthief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, , roof-roofs,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结4以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i 加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories,以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,或专出名词以y 结尾可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结5的,加 -s以 辅音 字 母加 -o6结尾的名

3、词toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days,一般加 -eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加 -spiano-pianos, photo-photos,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结7以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加 -sradio-radios, zoo-zoos2. 不规章名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规章的,现归纳如下：规章例词1转变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet,2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, me

4、ans, works, fish,3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复5数（成员）class, family, group, government, population, team, public, party可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结表 示6“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greek

5、s, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Chinese, Japanese以 -man或 -woman结 尾 的 改 为Englishmen, Frenchwomen-men,-women可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结III. 名词的全部格：名词在句中表示全部关系的语法形式叫做名词全部格。全部格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成,二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1. 所s有格的用法：表示时间today s newspapefriv, e weeks holiday2 表示自然现象the earth s atmosphere,

6、the tree s branches3 表示国家城市等的方的名词the world s population, China s industry4 表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory3. of 全部格的用法：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book有时也用于有生命的东西,特别是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,

7、 an）,定冠词（ the）。I. 不定冠词的用法：1第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWe study eight hours a day.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结用于人名前,表示不熟悉此人或与某名人有类4似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结5 用于固定词组中a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk,6 用于 qui

8、te, rather, many, half, what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.7 用于 soas, too, how+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon。3 表示说话双方都明白的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door.4 用于乐器前面play the

9、violin, play the guitar5 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8 用于国家党派名词前the United States, , the French9 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个岁月in the 1990s10 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.三代词 ：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：人称主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, t

10、hey1代词宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物 主形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their2代词名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoev

11、er, whichever, whatever6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结7 不定代词四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1 形容词作定语通常前置,但在以下情形后置：修饰 some, any, ev

12、ery, no和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不1定代词时以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名2词之后nobody absent, everything possiblethe best book available, the only solution possible可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置the only person awake可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结4 和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50

13、 meters long5 成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on withII. 副词副词的分类：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1 时间副词2 的点副词3 方式副词4 程度副词soon, now,early,finally,once, recentlyhere,nearby,outside,upwards, abovehard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, reallyalmost, nearly, very, fairly

14、, quite, rather5 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never6 疑问副词how, where, when, whyhow,when,where,why,whether,7 连接副词however, meanwhile8 关系副词when, where, why可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结III. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most。1 可以修饰比较级的词有：much,

15、many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, any, 。2. 表示一方随另一方变化时用 “ the more the more 句”型。 如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.3 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.4. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as

16、 yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.5. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。五介词常见介词有 in 、on、at 、since、 from、 after、to 、besides、except 等,同学们在日常学习中应留心。六动词I. 动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有 16 种,以 ask 为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/wou

17、ld ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区分：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果, 它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如： I have already read the novel written

18、 by the world-famous writer. 已经看过,且明白这本书的内容2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如：I lived in Beijing for ten years. （只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关）3. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+动词原形含有“准备,方案,即将”做某事,或表It s going

19、 to clear up.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结示很有可能要发生某事Were going to have a party tonight.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结be + doing 进行时表3示将来be about to + 动词原4形go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时表示按方案即将发生的动作表示支配或方案中的立刻就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe.I was about to l

20、eave when the bell rang.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结5 be to + 动词原形表示按方案进行或征求对方看法时刻表上或日程支配上早就定好的事情,We re to meet at the school gate at noon.The meeting starts at five o clock.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结6 一般现在时表示将来七情态动词可用一般现在时表示将来可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结II. 情态动词 must, may, might, coul

21、d, can 表示估计：以 must 为例。 must + dobe是估计现在存在的一般状态进行。must + be doing 估计可能正在进行的事情。must +have done 是估计可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“确定,肯定”语气强,只用于确定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may 和 might “或许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于确定句和否定句。He may not be at h

22、ome. / They might have finished their task.3. can 和 could“可能”, could 表示可疑的可能性,不及can语t气强,用于确定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now. （估计某事原来可能发生,但实际上没有发生）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Can he be in the office now. No, he can t be there, for I saw him in the library语ju气st很no强w,.和否定句中 八非谓语动词I. 非谓

23、语动词的分类、意义及构成：常用于疑问可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结非谓语形式构成时态和语态否定式复合结构特点和作用可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结不定式现在分分词词过去分词动名词九定语从句to doto be doing to have done doinghaving donedoing having doneto be donetohavebeen donebeing done havingbeen donedonebeing done havingbeen done在非谓语前加notforsb. to do

24、 sth.sb s doing具出名词, 副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语具出名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一样。关系词 先行词 从句成分例句备注可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结关 系who人主语代词Do you know the man who is talking

25、with your mother.whom, which 和that 在从句中做可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结whom人宾语Mr.Smith is the person withwhom Iam workingwhose人,物定语deskmate.也不行以用 thatA plane is a machine that can fly.that人,物主语,宾语She is the pop star that I want to see verymuch.which物主语,宾语The book which I gave you was worth $10. The picture

26、 whichwas about the accident wasterrible.The boy whose father worksabroad is my宾语时, 常可以省略,但介词提前 时后面 关系代词不能省略,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结as人,物主语,宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as 做宾语一般不省略可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结when时间时

27、间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on which关 系where的点的点状语This is the house where I was born.可用 in which副词I can t imagine the reason why he turned down可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结why缘由缘由状语十名词性从句my offer.可用 for which可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,这里仅探讨宾语从句和同位语从句。种类作用例句宾语从句在

28、复合句中做宾语,相当于名词He asked me which team could win the game.放在名词之后 news, problem, idea,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结同位语从句suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等 说明其详细内容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结十一。状语从句种类连接词留意点可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精

29、品名师归纳总结时 间 状语的 点 状语原 因 状语条 件 状语目 的 状语结 果 状语让 步 状语when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, bythetime,assoon as,hardly when, no sooner than,themoment,theminute, immediately, directly, instantlywhere, whereverbecause, as, since, now thatif, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition

30、thatso that, in order that, for fear thatso that, such thatthough, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever主句表示将来意义时, 从句须用一般现在时。while 引导的从句中动词一般是连续性的。 until 用在确定句中主句动词是连续性的,而否定句中

31、主句动词为短暂性的。because 语气最强, since 较弱,表示大家都明白的缘由, as 又次之。从句中动词时态不行用将来时,常用一般时代替so that 和 in order that 后常接 may, should, could, would 等情态动词as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式。 although 和 though 用正常语序,可和 yet 连用,但不行和 but 连用可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归

32、纳总结完全的句子表示强调倒装Out rushed the children.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结表示的点的介词短语作状语位于句首Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.never, hardly, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结定意义的副词放于句首only 和修饰的状语放于句首部分倒装not only but als连o 接并列的句子,前倒后不倒Hardly did I know what had happened.Onlyt

33、hen didhe realizethe importanceof English.Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结as 引导的让步状语Child as he is, he has learned a lot.用于表示希望的祈使句中May you be in good health.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式（ be 用 were）主句动词：

34、 should/would/could/might+ 动词原形从句动词： had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+ 过去分词从句动词：过去式/ should+动词原形/ were+不定式主句动词： should/would/could/might+ 动词原形If he were here, he would help us.If I had been free, I would have visited you.If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.They are talking

35、as if可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结其 它 状 语从句宾语从句as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式in order that / so that 引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might / would 等+动词原形demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词为 should+动词原形wish 后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+ 动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情形相反they had been friends for years.Turn on the light

36、 so that we can see it clearly.He suggested that we not change our mind.I wish I could be a pop singer.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结It is time that句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It s high time that we left.I would rather you stayed可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结其 它 句 型中would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示剧烈的愿望at home now.Ifonlyourdream had come true.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载