变化中的英语复习重点总结.docx

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1、精品名师归纳总结变化中的英语复习重点总结1.全世界语言 4000-5000 种 P72. Dead language no living speakers P73. Historical variation variation over timeRegional variation variation in different places P154. RP Standard English Network English: Standard English Written EnglishRP Received Pronunciation Also Southern Educated Brit

2、ish English Network English Educated American English P195. Vocabulary change in English P23-246. 词汇来源： Borrowinge.gdim sum, Abbreviationse.gMTR,Translationse.gdragon boatP28-297. 英国语言 English, WelshWales 的区 Gaelic （Scotland 的区） P368. Dialects Different ways of speaking the same languageAccent We ar

3、e talking only about the sounds of the language in some places P399. Language family:English Indo-European family 印欧语系 Chinese Sin-oTibetan family 汉藏语系 P6410. 英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1 st AD 5 th Latin- speaking Romans来自 Mediterranean2) AD 5 th - 8 th and 9th Scandinavian 斯堪的纳维亚人 Angles 盎格鲁人 , Saxons 撒克逊部族

4、, Jutes 朱特族人 invaded Britain来自 North West Europe3) AD 11 th French-speaking Normans来自 NormandyP69-7011. Standard English:A: Come fromSouth EastB: Reason. Its importance is matter of culture and historyP75 Time11th centuryHistorical EventsNorman conquest of England12 -13ththNoranm French rulers in En

5、glandLanguage Norman EnglandMormanFrenchbroughttoFrenchascenturiesthe language ofpower: Latinforlearning and religion;Englishfor common people s use14centurythChanges in English education Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400Caxton set up printing press in LondonEnglish gaining ground amongeducated people wrot

6、e English1475LondonEnglishincresinglyread and understood12. 英语进展过程中历史大事及英语语言本身的进展变化：13. A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.P8614. Receptive 听读 You recognize a word and know what it means.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Productive （说写 ） You can say a word or you can write it.NO

7、TE:每个人的 Receptiveknowledgeof vocabulary 要大于 Productiveknowledge P89-9015. Prescriptive teaching 说明性教学 correct students mistakesProductive teaching 输出性教学 Practice students bEynsgpliesahking and writing.Descriptive teaching 描述性教学 Tell students how English has changed and come to be as it is now. P100

8、P10318.美国历史（ The New World: the continent of America:1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releigh s two expeditions to the New World1620 English Puritan PlaymouthMayflowerP120-12119. The US A The melting-potIn New York harbour20. 英国在世界的殖民的： Yonusceae the Statue of Liberty P122-123EroupeAsiaAfricaUnited Kingdom&Ire

9、landIndiaKenyaNorthand South AmericaCanadaAustralasia澳大拉西亚AustraliaMalaysiaRhodesia罗得西亚South AfricaUSANew ZealandBorneo 波罗洲NewGuinea几内亚Hong Kong新16. 语言种类： P109-118RegionalNationalInternationalGlobalBasqueNorwegianSpanishEnglishDanish 丹麦语PortugueseEnglishSwedish 瑞典语DutchFrenchDutchJapaneseGerman17.Ba

10、sque巴斯克语 , Hindi （印的语）P115-1161775 American war of Independence started1785 End of the War.USA set up1790 First census人口普查 held. About 90%of the population of British descent后裔th21. 印度英语进展历史： The East India Company Started inc1e7ntury, by 1813, it came toan end.19thcentury The Englishman named Macau

11、laywas calledthe President oftheCommitteeofPublicInstruction , set up universitiesof English language P138-13922. 澳 大 利 亚Australia形 成 ,CaptainCookleadthefirstexplorationin1770 astronomical observation18th century: penal colony 罪犯流放的 P140-141可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结23. Inner Circle, Outer Circle and

12、Expanding Circle Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of India developed the idea of classifying the international use of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-usersmother tongueBritain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South Africa Outer Circle: taught in schools, international and official bus

13、iness IndianHong KongExpanding Circle: not an official language , international use P14724. Esperanto 世界语 具有全球扩广的语言特点,且适合全球使用的抱负语言What an ideal language for global use理由 P158-159 Artificial language The failed reason-16p1160Simplify a natural languageNoah Webster made English spelling easier for the

14、 childrenBasic English designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-16225. Social Variationspeakers use English differently with their social and educational level.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p16626. Dead languages Latin and Sanskrit 梵语 French, Spanish and Port

15、uguese are descendants of Latin p17027. Pygmalion He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And he loves her and she came lived.My Fair Lady Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright.P182-18328. False beginners The studenhtsawvehoforgotten the early stages of

16、learning a languageThe first stage of learning Learning the rules of the sound system, the gramwmriatinr,gthe system, and the vocabulary.The second stage of learningEngUlissihngin a variety of ways. P187-18829. The rules of writing Englishp202A. Always make sure your sentences are complete.B. Every

17、sentence must hace a subject and a verb.C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence.D. Never use slang 俚语 or even informal words.30. T he components of a Trade Dealp216 A. a commodity 商品 .B. a currencyC. a sellerD. a buyerE. a marketF. a means of communication.31. Lingua Franca 交际语 /通用语 us

18、ed for trade deal p224-228Pidgin 混杂语 /洋泾浜语 It means a language,used for purpose of trade. Creoles 克利奥尔语 是 Pidgin 进化后的语言p228-237Black English P230-233Papua New Guinea Adopted Tok Pisin可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Creole can become a national language. ,but a pidgin can32. Present day international tradeP2

19、4333. Faxed English P249-250-25234. English in scienceP262 P265-26635. English in international transportP266-277 Risks in air travelP271P235t可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结English in air traffic controlA. The language of Internetational Air Traffic Control is English.B. It is used by all ground control st

20、aff and flight crew.C. It is used in all parts of the world.D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English.E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recordedF. It is the English of a special area of knowledge.G. It is formal, but not polite or indirect.H. It is brie

21、f, clear, and direct.P 275Sea-speak A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication.Jargon 行话 It as special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines and techniques use it.Slang 俚语 For the language used by young peopl

22、e to keep out the old.36. English and TV P279 P28737. English and Information technology P289 English and IT P296 P29838. ELT English language teachingNative-speaker Englishlanguage teacher 和 Blingualteacher 双语老师各自的优点和缺点 见 P302 表格Five important ELT terms: p307A. Pattern practice 句型练习 Learning by con

23、stantly repeatingcorrect English sentecnes.B. Language laboratory 语言试验室 A classroom equipped with taperecorders and a control desk for the teacher.C. Communicativeapproach 交际法| 交际教学法| 沟通式教学法| 传意形式的教学法 A viewof ELTthat puts firstunderstanding and being understood by anotherperson.D. Error analysis Te

24、aching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and useful to teachers.E. English forSpecific Purposes Courses designed to match the futurework of and needs of groups of leaners, very often groups with different occupations.39. ESL English as a Second Language EFL English as a Foreign L

25、anguageL1 English as a mother tongue 见 p314 表格40. New Standards P315-31641. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. P31842. Interlanguage 语际语 /中间语言 /中介语 / 人工帮助语言 The languages of learners who have only partial control of a language.Intro-nationaland International use The difference between

26、 the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world.P32143. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and Standard English:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Advantages A. They are easier and quicker to learnso more learners will succeedB. There are useful where the

27、re are many languages in use in a country and no common language.C. Only a minority of people need a language for international use. Disadvantages A.Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally.B.If they are use intenationally, they don t do justice to the user or his ide

28、as.C.LocalStandards are emergingand changing,teachers, or teaching materials. P322-323sothere may not be enough suitable44. The views of Quirk and Kachru on StandardThe Quirk viewThe Kachru view Other terms in useDeficit viewLiberation view可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The term standard should be appliedO

29、nlyto Standard Britishand Standard American EnglsihEqually to standards use in Singapore, India, Africa and other places where English is widely used.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结In schools and collegesOnlythesetwoStandardsshould be studies.Localstandardsshouldbe studied可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Deviations

30、fromBritishorAmericanStandard EnglishAre mistakes that are part ofthelearningprocess,and should be corrected.Areoftenclearsignsofemergingnewstandards and need not be corrected可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Teachers of EnglishIf they are not mative speakers need to be in constant touch with native standards

31、.Learners of EnglishStudy English for international use.Theyneedtobe constantly trying to get closer to native-likestandards, so as to be able to use English that is internationally acceptable.45. Mono-lingual and Multi-lingual Societies P346Are usually not native speakers and can t be constantly in

32、 touch with any except local standards.All but a few want and need English for use in their own multi-lingual country. They can bt e constantly in touch with native standards, and are much more likely to use Englishlocallythan internationally.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结46. Opportunitycost Alllearning i

33、s associated with an opportunity cost. Language learning represents a big investment of time and effort by individuals and by the society of which they are part.47. Shrinking world P361-36248. Around the World in Eighty Days Jules Verne P36249. Tower of Babel 巴别塔 | 通天塔 | 巴比塔 | 巴贝尔塔 P365-36650. Cultural Imperialism文化帝国主义 P38251. Proficient in EnglishInformation about English P394可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Support and reinforce each other P407可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载