英语核心语法总结 .docx

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1、精品名师归纳总结目录一、句子成分与基本结构包括时态）2二、不定式9三、动词的时态和语态.3 0一般现在时的特例31一般过去时的留意点32一般将来时的留意点32四、非谓语动词 .3 3五、复合式谓语 .5 2六、动词的虚拟语气.5 9七、状语从句 .6 91 、时间状语从句692. 的点状语从句733 、缘由状语从句734 条件状语从句755 让步状语从句756 目的状语从句767 结果状语从句778 方式状语从句78可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结一、句子成分与基本结构包括时态）.主语 subject 谓语 predicate 宾语 object宾语补足语 object com

2、plement表语 predictive 定语 attributive 状语 adverbialWARM-UP ： 1The teacher in the classroom. 2Sang many songs and danced happily. 3She attracts.4) Many people living in the country. 5All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子 sentence=主语+ 谓语（核心：主动词）I. 八大成分的概念和构成1. 主语 名词代词形 ：句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明

3、的对象。 If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经受风雨,怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.胜利的要领在于从磨练开头,并要坚持不断磨练。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结充当主语的形式： 1 ）名词 2 ）代词 3 ）名词短语 4 ）名词从句 5 ） 数词 6 ）不定式 7 ） -ing形式 8 ）介词短语（少见）形式主语（名词从句,不定式,动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）2. 谓语：表示

4、主语的行为或进行的活动。 I have a dream.You don t always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）3. 宾语：行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。You don t find opportunitiesyou make them. 你找不到机会。你得去制造机会。You probably won t hear opportunity knock if yourtelevision is always on.假如你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充

5、当宾语形式：1 ）名词2 ）代词3 ）名词短语4 ）名词从句5 ）数词 6 ）不定式7 ） -ing形式形式宾语（名词从句,不定式,动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）4. 表语：说明主语的身份和情形。跟在系动词后 Time is money.Three o clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结构成形式： 1 ）名词 2 ）形容词 3 ）代词 4 ）数词 5 ）不定式 6 ） ing 形式 7 ）过去分词 8 ）副词 9

6、）介词短语 10 ）小品词11 ）名词从句5. 补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来打算）构成形式： 1 ）名词 2 ）代词 3 ）形容词 4 ）数词 5 ）不定式 6 ）-ing形式 7 ）过去分词 8 ）介词短语9 ）副词小品词10 ）名词从句主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am sure to succeed.6. 定语：对名词性形式进行范畴限定。This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of music good and bad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。构成

7、形式： 1 ）限定词 2 ）形容词 3 ）名词 4 ）数词 5 ）不定式 6 ）-ing形式 7 ）过去分词8 ）介词短语 9 ）副词 10 ）关系从句7. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步说明。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结构成形式： 1 ）名词 2 ）代词 3 ）名词短语 4 ）数词 5 ）不定式 6 ）-ing形式 7 ）名词从句8. 状语：修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置：自由悠闲。1） ）修饰性状语：修饰动词,形容词,副词等 （时间, 的点, 确定, 否定,程度,频度,方式,相伴

8、,缘由,目的,比较等）。Can you feel the love tonight.Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。2） ）连接性状语：连接上下文（次序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较）。First comes spring, then summer.I ve never been to America, therefore I don t know much about it.3 评述性状语：修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。Frankly

9、 speaking, the food is not very good.英语句子成分歌英语句子八吖八大块,主谓宾表真吖真实在。补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由悠闲,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真吖真不少,前后乱窜它仍会加塞。（ RAP ） II 成分关系1. 补语跟着宾语表语跑：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,就宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us happy to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）We are

10、made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤独。2. 定语,同位（语）专把名词踹：定语,同位语修饰名词性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）3. 谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the stars, you may not qui

11、te get one, but you won t come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下。但也不会一无所获。1 、主语：(1) 由名词、代词 人称代词用主格 、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如： The painter painted a very nice picture. 画家画了一幅美丽的画。 / They fought against SARS bravely. 他们英勇的与非典搏斗。/ To see is to believe. 耳听为虚眼见为实 . / Helping animals i

12、s to help people. 帮忙动物就是帮忙人类。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结(2) 动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it 代替, 而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如： It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey.在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒适了。 / Eating too much is bad for your health.=It is bad for your health eating too much. 吃得太多对你的身体不利。 (3) 口语中常见主语

13、或“主 - 系”省略： It is nothing. 那没有什么。 / It doesn t matter. 那没有关系。 / I thank you. 我感谢你。 (4) 反意问句的附加问句 ,主语必需是代词：The man looks worried,doesn t he. 这个人看上去很焦急不是吗？/ Tigers are dangerous animals, aren t they. 老虎是危急的动物不是吗？ (5) 祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. 孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。 省略了主语 / You

14、go there and fetch me a glass of water. 你去给我弄一杯水来。 (6) 主语一般在句首 ,但在问句中会处于其次位和句尾。倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如： Computers are made in this factory. 运算机生产于这家工厂。 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结/ Where are they. 他们在哪儿？ / Does the boy like staying home. 这个男孩喜爱呆在家里吗？(7) 主语与谓语必需保持单、复数的一样, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim n

15、or Rose has passed the exam. Jim和 Rose都没有通过考试。 / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. 中华民族是一个勤劳英勇的民族。2 、谓语：(1) 由“不及物动词”、 “及物动词 +宾语”或“系动词 +表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.他首次在太空旅行。 / Who teaches you English this year.今年谁教你们的英语？ / The pizza has

16、 gone bad. 那块烤馅饼已经变坏。 /(2) 谓语动词必需反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由以下词语依序排列构成：情态动词 +时态助动词 +语态助动词 +主要动词 不肯定全部显现 。见动词的时态和语态构成表记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. 对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。/ He can t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. 他不行能读完了那本长达800 页的小说。 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下

17、载精品名师归纳总结/ Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. 该实行措施防止禽流感扩散。 二、不定式一、作主语 不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种：(1) 把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2) 用 it 作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于以下句式中。如：It be 名词 to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.It ta

18、kes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work.不定式作宾语以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如： agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail , help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接 that引导的从句。如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I wou

19、ld ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it 代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即：主语动词 it 补语 to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us t

20、o learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.介词 but,except,besides+to dodo在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do ,后面应接不带 to 的不定式。 如无 do ,就接 to 不定式,即带 do 不带 to , 带 to 不带 do 。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt is +adj.+ to do sth

21、句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.It be 形容词 of sb to doItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingthe teachersays.It seemsappears形容词 to do It seemed impossible to save money.在句型中,常用表示客观情形的形容词,如： difficult,easy,hard,important, impossible,necessary等。可编辑资料 - - -

22、 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结在句型中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,sil ly,stupid,wise其规律主语。这一句式有时相当于等 表示颂扬或批判的词。在不定式前的sb ,可看作Sb is 形容词 to do句式,如： Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.2 . 动词+to do（ 作宾语）动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式to d o st h 看成一个名词即可,它属于五种基

23、本句型里的主+谓+宾结构, 例如 I b eg t o d i ffer .我不敢苟同.能用此结构的动词有:决心 deci de det er m i n 学会 l ear n 想 w an t 期望 exp ect w i sh h o p e, 拒绝 r efu se 设法m an age st r i ve 愿 car e 假装 p r eten d , 主动 ofer 答应 p r om i se选 ch oose方案 pl an , 同意 agr ee 恳求 ask b eg 帮一帮 h el p .为便利记忆大家把汉字连成句.另外再加上 a ffor d t o d o sth承担

24、的起3 . 在一些动词之后, 可以在连接代词（ wh at / w h o/ w h i ch 或者连接副词（ h ow / w h en / w h er e可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结以及 w h et h er 后面接一个带 t o 的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。I w on d er w h o t o in vi te. = w h o I sh ou l d i n vit e Sh ow u s w h at t o d o. =w h at we m u st d oI d on t k n ow w h et h er t o an s

25、w er h i s l et t er . =此处不用 if）4 . . 不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语, 就要把不定式放到后面,用 i t 作形式宾语,构成 主语+动词+it +宾补形容词, 名词+不定式 H e fou n d it ver y d if fi cu l t t o get t o sl eep.他发觉很难入睡.留意：常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make等。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结句型四：形容词 + to do sth可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结of sb to do用来说明人的性格特点

26、和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用,常用 brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind, modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词It is wise of you not to agree with you. It is generous of him to lend me his car, 不定式作状语作目的状语(1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be exami

27、nedby the doctor.(2) 有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或 so as 。如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Bob took down my telephone number so asin ordernot toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但soas to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为 so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句,如：I stayed there so that in order thatI could see whatwould happen.(

28、3) 在部分表示感情颜色的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如： astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprisedto see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的规律宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer

29、. The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有： comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossi ble 等。作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语仍常用在以下句式中。如： so as to;such as toIm not so stupida fool as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。可编辑资料 - -

30、- 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enough toThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. too toIm too tired to stay up longer.但在以下结构中, too to并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad tohave

31、passed the exam.考试及格我太兴奋了。（ too 修饰 glad to have,相当于 very ） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。too.to的用法一、 too. to.的意义too. to句型形式上是确定的, 但是它在意义上却是否定的, 表示 太而不能 。too的后面接形容词或副词的原级,to的后面接动词原形。too. to.句型是简洁句。例如：He is too young to join the army.他年龄太小, 不能参军。二、动词不定式的规律主语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结动词不定式所表

32、示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时,需要在动词不定式前加上一个规律主语常用 for sb. 。例如：The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out.这道数学题太难我解不出来。三、 too. to.结构表达确定的意义1. too前面含有表示否定意义的词,如: not, never, nothing等时,too. to.结构不表示否定的意义。例如：It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。 要学永久都不迟。 2. 假如在 too. to.这种结构的前面显现了only,不仅免去了 too 的否定

33、意义,反而加强了 too 的确定语气, only too相当于 very或 very much 。例如：I shall be only too pleased to get home.到了家我将极其兴奋。3. too后接表示感情的形容词,如glad, pleased, happy, sad 等时,too. to.句型不再表示否定意义,而表示的是确定意义。例如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结He is too sad to hear the bad news.听到这个不幸的消息他太哀痛了。四、 too. to.结构与 enough.to.结构及 so. that.结构的相互转换

34、1. 将 too.to.结构转换为 enough. to.结构时,要注意：(1) enough前的形容词或副词应是too 前面形容词或副词的反义词。(2) enough. to.句式须用否定式。(3) too. to.结构有规律主语时,enough. to.结构也要加上规律主语。例如：She is too young to do the work. = She isnt old enough to do the work.The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isnt easyenough for him to wo

35、rk out.2. 将 too.to.结构转换为 so. that.结构时,要留意：(1) so. that.结构是复合句, so的后面接形容词或副词的原级, that的后面接从句。(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she cant go to school.请同学们做做以下中考题,以便检验你对too. to.用法的把握情形。变换以下句型：1. a. The box is so heavy that I cant carr

36、y it.b. The box isheavy carry.c. The box is not for me to carry.2. a. The maths problem isnt easy enough for me to work out.b. The maths problem isdifficultI cant work it out.c. The maths problem isdifficult work out.3. a. The book is interesting enough foreverybody to read.b. The book isinteresting

37、everybody likes to readit.Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough2. b. so, that c. too, for me to3. b. so, that可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister. Do you have anything to say on the que

38、stion. Would you please give me some paper to write on. My wish to visit France has come true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：(1) 表示将来的动作（例）。(2) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系, 如是不及物动词, 就需加介词（例）。(3) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有规律上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态（例）。如只有动宾关系, 而无规律上的主谓关系,就需用被动语态（例）。(4) 不定式作定语时, 一般可转换为定语从句, 例 to arrive

39、=that will arrive。作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时仍需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特点,这时意思才相对完整。(1) 常要求不定式作宾补的动词有： allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫）, encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,wouldlikelove,hate,order,permit,persuade, teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结 Would you like me to give your regards

40、 to Mary. I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2) 部分动词后常接 to be 形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略, 如：believe,consider,discover,find=consider,feel=think,imag ine,judge,know,prove, think,suppose,see=understand,understa nd等。 We all believe Johnto behonest. I consider himto beone of the best biology

41、 teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时,to 不能省略,如： We consider him tohave been foolish.(3) 感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to 。 I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时,to 不能省略,如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.(4

42、) help,know后面的 to 可有可无。如：Would you please help meto fill in the taxform. Ive never known hertobe late before.但： He was known to have been to France before.(5) 部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如： You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎

43、下载精品名师归纳总结常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（期望）, prepare for,wish for等。作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种规律上的主谓关系。如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise.不定式短语仍可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointmen