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1、精品名师归纳总结1. 选修八 Unit1 CALIFORNIA加利福尼亚California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population.加州是美国第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in theUSA, having attracted people from all over the world.加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州。它吸引了来自世界各的的人

2、们。The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。 This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.当你明白了加利福尼亚的历史，你就不会对其文化的多样性感到诧异了。NA TIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as Cal

3、ifornia, no one really knows.最早一批人详细是什么时候来到我们现在明白的加利福尼亚的区的, 谁也说不清晰。However, it is likelythat Native Americans were livingin Californiaat least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by mea

4、ns of a landbridge which existed in prehistoric times.科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极的区的白令海峡到达美洲。In the 16th century, after the arrivalof theEuropeans, the native people suffered greatly. 欧洲人在 16世纪到来这里之后， 土著人遭受了极大的苦难。 Thousands were killed or forced into slavery.成千上万人被杀或被迫成为奴隶。Inaddition, many died

5、from the diseases brought by the Europeans.另外, 欧洲人带来的疾病，使很多人染病而死。However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state.不过，仍是有一些人经受了这些恐惧时期而活下来了。今日住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。THE SPANISH西班牙人In the 18th century California was rul

6、ed by Spain.在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是被西班牙统 治的。 Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they foughtagainst the native people and took their land.西班牙士兵最早是在 16世纪初期来到南美洲的， 他们同土著人打仗，夺去了他们的土的。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in mostparts of South America and along

7、 the northwest coast of what we now call the United States.两个世纪以后 , 西班牙人在南美洲大部分的区定居下来，而且仍在我们现在称之为美国的西北 沿海的区住下来。 Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.在首批移居加利福尼亚州的西班牙人 中，大部分是宗教

8、人士， 他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立。California thenbecame part ofMexico. 加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。In1846 the UnitedStates declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to theUSA. 1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，

9、美国赢得战争成功后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。 However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state.但是,这个州至今仍旧保留着很强的西班牙文化的影响。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 这就是为什么今日仍有40%的加利福尼亚人仍旧把西班牙语作为第一或第 二语言的缘故。RUSSIANS 俄罗斯人Inthe early1800s, Russian hunters, whohad

10、originallygone to Alaska,began settlinginCalifornia.在19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开头在加利福尼亚定居下来。 Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.今日， 住在旧金山及其周边的区的美籍俄罗斯人大约25， 000人。GOLD MINERS金矿工In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in Californi

11、a.1848年,美墨战争后不久 ,在加利福尼亚发觉了金矿。The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted peoplefrom all over the world.发财梦很快就吸引了来自世界各的的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.距离最近因而来的最早 的是南美洲人和美国人，Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed.随

12、后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich.事实上 , 很少有人圆了发财梦。 Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life forthemselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. 很多人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件特别艰苦， 大多数人仍旧留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生， 在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。 By

13、the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in1850, it was already a multicultural society. 到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第 31个州的时候 , 它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。LATER A RRIV ALS 后来的移民Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of可编辑资料 - - -

14、 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California inthe 1860s. 虽然中国移民在淘金热期间就开头来到美国，但是更大批量的中国移民却是 在十九世纪六十岁月为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。Today, Chinese-Americanslive in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the Chin

15、atowns of Los Angeles and San Francisco. 今日,加利福尼亚州各的都有美藉华人居住 ,尽管有很大比例的华人仍是挑选住在洛杉矶和旧金山的“中国城 ”里。 Otherimmigrantssuch as Italians,mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century.十九世纪后期，其他国家的移民， 比方意大利人来到加利福尼亚， 他们主要是渔民， 也有些酿酒工人。In 1911 immigrants from Denmark establi

16、shed a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. 1911年丹麦移民建立了他们自己的城镇， 至今仍保留着丹麦文化。 By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. 到了二十世纪二十岁月，电影产业在加利福尼亚州的好莱坞建立了起来。 The industry boom attracted Europeansincluding many Jewish people.这个行业吸引了很多欧洲人包括很

17、多犹太人。Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.今日，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在 美国占其次位。 Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there.日本的农夫是在 20世纪初期开头到加利福尼亚来的 ,而从 20世纪 80岁月以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。P

18、eople from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico.非洲人从 19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。However,even more arrivedbetween 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.然而更多的非洲人在 1942 年到1945 年之间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作的。MOST RECENT ARRIV ALS 最近期的

19、移民In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans,Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 在最近几十年里 ,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家,包括柬埔寨人、 朝鲜人、 越南人和老挝人。Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry hasattracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.从20世纪 70岁月开头进展电脑工

20、业以来，加利福尼亚又吸引了印度人和巴勒斯坦人的到来。THE FUTURE 将来展望People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrateto California 世界各的的人， 由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引 ,仍旧在连续迁入加利福尼亚。 .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that t

21、here will be no distinctmajor racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人们认为 , 要不了多久， 多种国籍的混合将会特别之大， 以至于不行能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体， 而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。2. 选修八 Unit 1 GEORGE S DIARY 乔治的日记12TH 14TH JUNEMonday 12th, June 6月12日,星期一Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to h

22、otel to drop my luggage, shower and shave.早晨乘公共汽车抵达，直赴饭店，放下行李，洗澡、刮脸，即去观光。Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. 先是乘缆车，在山顶揽胜，观看旧金山湾及整个城市。Builtin 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallid

23、ie, who wanted to find a better form of transportthan horse-drawn trams. 缆车系统建立于 1873年，是由安德鲁 哈利迪创造的，他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车更好的交通方式。Apparentlyhed been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a trams brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tramslipped down the hill draggin

24、g the horses with it.他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故：一辆马车刹车失灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震动。Had a late lunch at Fishermans Wharf.午餐是在渔人码头吃的，吃得很晚。This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. 意大利渔民在 19世纪末第一来到这个的区，并且在这儿开头捕鱼业。Nowit

25、s a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries.如今这儿是一个旅行区了，很多商店、 海鲜馆和面包坊。 Its also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places inthe Bay. 这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他的方的渡口。Did so much exploring at Fishermans Wharf. Am exhausted and dont feel like doing anything else. Ea

26、rly bed tonight. 在渔人码头看了这么多东西，我太累了，什么也不想干了。今晚要早点睡觉 .Tuesday 13th, June 6月13日 星期二Teamed up with a couple from my hotel Peter and Terri and hired a car.同酒店里的一对夫妻 彼得和泰莉 作伴， 一起租了一辆小汽车。Spent all day driving around the city.一成天驱车游玩城市。 Theres a fascinating drive marked out for tourists.有一种特的为旅行者选定的驾车游可编辑资料

27、 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结活动。 It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go.车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记，上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线。Its a 79kmround-tripthat takes in all the famous tourist spots. 这是一次 79公里的旅行， 它涵盖了全部闻名的旅行景点。Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take phot

28、ographs.途中多次停车， 从不同角度观赏城市风景并摄影。Now have a really good idea of what the citys like.现在有对城市的面貌有了一个很好的明白。Inevening, went to ChinatownwithPeter and Terri. 黄昏，跟彼得和泰莉一起去中国城。Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. 中国移民于 19世纪 50岁月定居在这个的区。 The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like o

29、ld buildings in southern China.建筑物面前装饰得就像在中国南部的区的古建筑一样。Saw some interestingtemples here, anumber of markets and a great many restaurants. 这儿看到了一些好玩的寺庙， 不少的集贸市场和大量的餐馆，仍有美术馆和一个博物馆。Alsoartgalleriesand a museum containingdocuments, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigr

30、ation, but it is closed in the evening.博物馆里有关于中国移民史的文件、照片和各种各样的物品，但是晚上关门了。 Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill toour hotel. 准备白天再来。吃了一顿可口的饭菜，然后步行下山回到酒店。Wednesday 14th, June6月14日星期三In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. O

31、n the way had a goodview of the Golden Gate Bridge.早晨，从旧金山湾的港口乘渡轮去天使岛，路上观赏了金门 大桥。 From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.从1882 年至 1940年，天使岛成为一个闻名的移民站，很多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权。The cells in the station werevery small, cold and

32、damp;some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go.移民站的房间又冷又潮 湿，一些房间甚至没有光，但是移民们没有其他去处。Theirmiserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them.凄惨的境遇对他们来说好像是一种惩处而谈不上公正和自由。 They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned theirformer

33、life in China. 他们在墙上写诗， 抒发孤独的情感， 痛惜以前在中国的生活。 In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. 1940年民政部门改革了制度，使得更多的中国人能够得到时机定居美国。 Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today. 这引起我的感叹，使可编辑资料 - - - 欢

34、迎下载精品名师归纳总结我对今日的生活感到欣慰。3. 选修八 Unit2 CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US.克隆：它将把我们引向何方？Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay.克隆始终与我们同在， 而且它仍要连续下去。 It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.这是一种用来生产与原型 完全相同的动植物的方法。It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from gro

35、wing plants to make new ones. 当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。 It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are producedfrom the same original egg.这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。 The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones. 实际上， 这些都是自然克隆现象。Cloning has

36、 two major uses.克隆技术有两大用途。Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. 第一，园艺师始终用它生产大量的供商用的植物。 Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.其次，它在对新植物物种的讨论以及在对动物的医学讨论方面都是很有价值的。Cloning plants is straightforward whil

37、e cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake.克隆植物简洁，但克隆动物就比较复杂了，是一项很难完成的任务。Many attempts to clone mammals failed.克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。Butat last the determinationand patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough- the cloning of Dolly the sheep.但是，科学家的决心和耐心最

38、终得到了回报，这就是 1996年具有突破性的克隆羊 “多莉 ”的产生。The procedure works like this: 它的程序如以下图略所示：1. 母羊甲供应一个卵细胞。2. 在卵细胞中取出细胞核。3. 卵细胞预备接受新的细胞核。4. 母羊乙供应一个供克隆的躯干细胞，该细胞应包含有生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。5. 取出该细胞的细胞核。6. 用电把母羊乙的躯干细胞核和母羊甲的卵细胞连接起来。7. 细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。8. 把胚胎置入另外一头寄生的母羊丙体内，母羊丙就是克隆羊的代孕。9. 这头小羔羊就是母羊乙所供应的细胞核克隆而成的。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总

39、结On the one hand, the whole scientificworldfollowedthe progress of the first successful clone, Dollythe sheep. 一方面整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长。The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.多莉看来是在正常的成长着，这很令人激励。 Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.接着传来了多莉

40、病重的坏消息。Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.讨论看来的科学家发觉多莉得的病更简洁发生在年老的羊身上， 这让他们很懊丧。 Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of thelife of the original sheep.可悲的是， 多莉只活了六年半， 这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。Sadly the same arbitrar

41、y fate affected other species, such as cloned mice.可悲的是，同样无法掌握的 命运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。The questions that concerned all scientists were: Wouldthis be a major difficulty for all cloned animals.科学家们的脑海里产生的问题是“这是不是全部克隆动物的一个主要困难了？Would it happen forever. Could it be solved if corrections weremade in their res

42、earch procedure.这种现象会不会永久发生？假如改良讨论程序，问题会不会解决了？ ”On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.另一方面，多莉羊的显现引起了一阵剧烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybodyseyes to the possibility of usin

43、g cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings. 它引起了争议， 由于它突破打开了人们的眼界，看到了有可能利用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至仍有可能克隆出人类。Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult toobtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their am

44、bitions.尽管目前供克隆讨论的人类卵细胞很难获得，报纸报道说， 有些邪恶头目期望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。 Religious leaders also raised moral questions.宗教领导仍提出了道德方面的问题。 Governments became nervous and more conservative. 各国政府惶恐担心而且更加谨慎。 Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like Chin

45、a and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aidthat cloning could provide.有些政府开头改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的讨论，但是其他国家， 如中国和英国， 就仍旧在连续收集克隆技术有可能供应丰富的医疗救助的证据。However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.然可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结而科学家们仍

46、对克隆技术有助于人类仍是有害于人类，以及克隆技术将把我们引向哪里感到困惑。4. 选修八 Unit2 THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS.恐龙的回来？The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers.克隆凶残和灭亡的野生动物的可能性始终使电影制片商感到兴奋。 And they are not the only ones. 然而他们并不是唯独对此感到兴奋的人。 The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park

47、, inwhich a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixture offear and excitement into peoples hearts. 在侏罗纪公园这部影片中，有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的绝种恐龙。 类似这样的电影很受欢送，证明白这一想法使人们感到既兴奋又恐惧。 But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals.但事实上，想要克隆绝种动物，我们仍要很长的路程要走。Scientists are stillexperimentingwithcloning mammals. 科学家们现在仍在进行克隆哺乳动物试验，This is because the cloning of mammalsis still a new science and its story only began seriously in the 1950s as thi