对桩基工程施工中常见问题的探讨.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流对桩基工程施工中常见问题的探讨.精品文档.对桩基工程施工中常见问题的探讨【摘要】随着社会不断进步,经济建设的迅速发展及建筑技术的日益提高,桩基础在城市建设中得到广泛的应用。但在业主要求工期的前提下,施工单位为赶进度却往往忽视了桩基施工质量问题。文章指出了桩基施工过程中容易忽视的问题,并作了简要分析,仅供同行参考。 【关键词】桩基工程;施工问题;桩基础;桩基检测 1工程概况 Abstract:As society being progressive constantly, rapid development of economic constr

2、uction and the improving day by day of building technology, a foundation is widely used in the urban construction. But under the circumstances that the owner requires the prerequisite of time limit, the unit in charge of construction often ignored one in order to catch the progress construction qual

3、ity problem of the base. The article has point out the question apt to ignore in the pile construction course, has made a brief analysis, only for counterparts reference. Key words:project of the pile; construction question; a foundation; the pile measuring 桩基础是工业与民用建筑工程一种常用的基础形式。当采用天然地基浅基础不能满足建筑物对地

4、基变形和强度要求时,可以利用下部坚硬土层或岩层作为基础的持力层而设计成深基础,其中较为常用的为桩基础。桩基础作为一种深基础,具有承载力高、稳定性好、沉降量小而均匀、沉降稳定快、良好的抗震性能等特性,因此在各类建筑工程中得到广泛应用,尤其适用于建造在软弱地基上的各类建(构)筑物。 桩按材料可分为钢筋混凝土桩、钢桩、木桩等,按受力分类为摩擦桩和端承桩,按桩的入土方法可分为打入桩、压入桩和灌注桩等。建筑工程桩基础不论采用何种类型的桩,实际施工过程中保证桩基质量,使桩基符合设计要求,是基础工程施工中经常遇到的问题。 1桩基施工共性问题 随着桩基础应用的日益广泛,其施工过程中出现的质量问题也多种多样,比

5、如:颈缩、断桩、移位、斜桩、检测等问题。本文就桩基础施工中最容易忽略的几点加以分析。 1.1测量施线 建筑工程桩基础施工测量的主要任务:一是把图上的建筑物基础桩位按设计和施工的要求,准确地测设到拟建区地面上,为桩基础工程施工提供标志,作为按图施工、指导施工的依据;二是进行桩基础施工监测;三是在桩基础施工完成后,为检验施工质量和为地面建筑工程施工提供桩基础资料,需要进行桩基础竣工测量。 理论上,建筑地基基础工程施工质量验收规范(GB50202-2002)第5.1.3条规定,打(压)入桩(预制混凝土方桩、先张法预应力管桩、钢桩)的桩位偏差,必须符合规定,如盖有基础梁的桩,沿基础梁中心线的允许偏差为

6、150 mm,垂直基础梁中心线的允许偏差100 mm。此条为工程建设标准强制性条文,必须严格控制。规范5.4.5条又将桩位偏差列入钢筋混凝土预制桩质量检验标准的主控项目,即桩位偏差对桩基质量验收具有否决权,如有超出允许偏差范围,即为施工质量不符合要求。测量施线是桩基施工时最易发生的情况,一般情况下如果出现测量施线有误,都会采取加大桩承台或加桩的处理方式。但这样一来,不仅会增加成本,而且还延误了工期。 1.2地下水问题 当基础深度在天然地下水位以下时,在基础施工中常常会遇到地下水的处理问题。在桩基础工程中,地下水对人工挖孔桩的施工影响最大。地下水的处理有多种可行的方法,从降水方式来说总分为止水法

7、和排水法两大类。止水法相对来说成本较高,施工难度较大;井点降水施工简便、操作技术易于掌握,是一种行之有效的现代化施工方法,已广泛应用。 当地下水位不大时可进行单桩桩内抽水,当地下水位较大时可采用多桩同时抽水法来降低地下水。如果桩设计深度不大时可考虑在场地四周设置井点排水。人工挖孔桩在开挖时,如果遇到细砂、粉砂层地质时,再加上地下水的作用极易形成流砂,严重时发生井漏,造成质量和安全事故。 除此之外,地下水的影响在有冻土地基时也是施工的难点。我们应根据不同的地质采取不同的施工方法。比如,在冬季我们经常采用冻结法施工技术,冻结法施工即是利用人工制冷的方法把土壤中的水冻结成冰形成冻土帷幕,用人工帷幕结

8、构体来抵抗水土压力,以保证人工开挖工作顺利进行。作为一种成熟的施工方法,冻结法施工技术在国际上被广泛应用于城市建设已有l00多年的历史。我国采用冻结法施工技术至今也已有40多年的历史,但主要用于煤矿井筒开挖施工。经过多年来国内外施工的实践经验证明,冻结法施工有以下特点:可有效隔绝地下水,其抗渗透性能是其他任何方法不能相比的。冻结法施工对周围环境无污染,无异物进入土壤,噪音小,冻结结束后,冻土墙融化,不影响建筑物周围地下结构。冻结施工用于桩基施工或其它工艺平行作业,能有效缩短施工工期1.3桩基检测 建筑地基基础设计规范(GB50007-2002)第10.1.8条规定施工完成后的工程桩应进行竖向承

9、载力检验;建筑基桩检测技术规范(JGJ106-2003)第3.1.1条规定工程桩应进行单桩承载力和桩身完整性抽样检测;建筑地基基础工程施工质量验收规范(GB50202-2002)第5.1.5条规定工程桩应进行承载力检验;桩的测试方法分为静载荷试验和动力测桩两大类,还有抽芯法和静力、动力触探以及埋设传感器法等辅助类方法。目前桩的静载荷试验主要采用锚桩法、堆载平台法、地锚法、锚桩和堆载联合法以及孔底预埋顶压法等。 在桩基检测中,各个检测手段需要配合使用,利用各自的特点和优势,按照实际情况,灵活运用各种方法,才能对桩基进行全面准确的评价。但实际工程中施工单位为赶工期往往是桩基施工完后不及时通知检测单

10、位,而擅自施工上部结构,待桩基检测出来后上部已施工了几层,如果桩基检测不合格,再采取补救的措施,代价是相当大的。国内不少地方就曾出现这种案例。所以我们在桩基施工时一定要重视桩基检测这道工序。 2钻孔灌注桩及预应力管桩的施工质量控制 对于钻孔灌注桩来说,其成孔时孔深的控制对钻孔灌注桩至关重要。在(GB50202-2002)第5.6.4中明确规定:孔深只深不浅。对设计采用中风化及以上强度的基岩作为持力层的桩,尤其是抗水平推移、坡地岸边的桩,其桩尖进入持力层的深度对地基承载力及安全使用尤为重要。实际施工中,孔深往往是只浅不深,泥浆沉淀不易清除,影响端部承载力的充分发挥,并造成较大沉降,这给钻孔灌注桩

11、留下了致命的质量隐患。 近几年,随着国内管桩生产企业的不断涌现,管桩产量大幅提高,价格也随之下降,促使管桩特别是预应力高强混凝土管桩在工业与民用建筑中得到广泛应用。但在施工过程中由于管理和质量控制不完善,管桩桩基础施工也容易产生质量问题。桩位及桩身倾钭超过规范要求;桩头破裂;桩身(包括桩尖和接头)破损断裂;桩端达不到设计持力层;单桩承载力达不到设计要求;桩的长度不够;桩身上浮,桩顶平面与桩的中心轴线不垂直及桩顶不平整等制作质量问题都会引起桩顶破碎。 3结束语 总之,桩基施工质量关系到整个建筑物的工程质量,工程及施工验收规范规定,打桩过程中如遇到上述问题,都应立即暂停打桩,施工单位应与勘察、设计

12、单位共同研究,查明原因,提出明确的处理意见,采取相应的技术措施后,方可继续施工。 【参考文献】1 吴步峰.某公寓楼小区桩基工程质量分析与处理J.福建建筑,2010.2 2 张 军.灌注桩基工程机械冲击成孔施工工艺J.石家庄铁路职业技术学院学报,2009.4 3 张跃川.桩基工程施工方案编制J.工程建设与设计,2009,12 4 邓 南、黄上进.汕头地区小高层复合桩基工程初探J.广州建筑,2009.5 5 张 毅、张文君.桩基工程成孔质量检测技术探讨J.现代商贸工业,2009.19（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is i

13、n the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting ea

14、ch other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and P

15、arty members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision

16、of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Ce

17、ntral Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological conse

18、nsus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revi

19、sion of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practi

20、ce. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has n

21、ot been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third

22、is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres abov

23、e. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the

24、practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of mis

25、conduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Pa

26、rty discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two

27、regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

28、from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of prin

29、ciple, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, vie

30、ws of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipaliti

31、es) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation

32、 of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committe

33、e of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the

34、 spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance

35、 as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constit

36、ution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Commit

37、tee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental t

38、o follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The P

39、arty of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the

40、 majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results

41、transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party member

42、s and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and

43、other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulatio

44、ns governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, refle

45、cted at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of t

46、he negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leader

47、ship of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. c