归化与异化.ppt
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1、翻译理论与实践翻译理论与实践英译汉Foreignization and Domesticationl异化:指在翻译方法上迁就外来文化的特点,吸纳外语表达方式.l归化:指恪守本族文化的语言传统,回归地道的本族语表达方式。评述:归化vs. 异化? lSpring, the sweet spring is the years pleasant king. T. Nashl春,甘美之春,一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若l原诗中的king是一般性说法,没有任何特殊的文化色彩,可是一旦变成了中国古代和平盛世代名词“尧舜”,就染上了强烈的汉民族色彩。评述:归化vs.异化? lCuriosity enough, he
2、prophesied with oracular accuracy to the amazement of all.l说也奇怪,他像诸葛亮一样,料事如神,大家都惊讶不止。l“oracular” 的名词形式是“oracle”,在希腊神话中指“神示、神启”。这个译文中使用“诸葛亮”的人物典故太随意。 l说也奇怪,他料事真准,像神启一样应验,让所有的人都惊讶不止。在翻译中正确的做法l坚持“和而不同”(孔子语)的原则。“和”是为了不造成译语读者误解和费解;“不同”就是要尽量保持原文有代表性差异特征;l为了保留原文代表性差异,采用“直译夹注”、“直译加注”的方法。l如果“异化”的译法可能造成译语读者的误
3、解,为了在深层语义或语用意义对等,不妨采用“归化”的处理。异化、归化举例lYouve got to have faith up your sleeve, otherwise you wont succeed.l你必须袖里藏有自信,否则你不会成功(异化)l你必须有锦囊妙计,否则你不会成功(归化)l你必须心中充满自信,否则你不会成功的(“和而不同”)Some Examples of Domesticationlas timid as a hare(兔) 胆小如鼠 lat a stones throw 一箭一箭之遥lwet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡鸡las stupid as a
4、 goose 蠢得像猪猪las stubborn as a mule (骡,马骡 )犟得像牛牛lseek a hare in a hens nest 缘木缘木求鱼鱼las dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶瓶Examples of Domestication llead a dogs life 过着牛马牛马一样的生活lcry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头羊头,卖狗肉狗肉lput back the clock 开倒车车ltalk horse 吹牛牛 lkill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡鸡取卵卵ldrink
5、like a fish 牛牛饮lOnce the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson(教士;牧师 ).嫁鸡随鸡,嫁狗随狗。直译与意译l直译和意译是翻译中最常见的问题。也是最主要的两个翻译方法。所直译和意译是翻译中最常见的问题。也是最主要的两个翻译方法。所谓直译,就是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文谓直译,就是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。译文的语言(或目的语)与原文的语言(或原语)常常拥有相同字。译文的语言(或目的语)与原文的语言(或原语)常常拥有相同的表达形式来体现同样的内容,并能产生同样的效果。在
6、这样的情况的表达形式来体现同样的内容,并能产生同样的效果。在这样的情况下,我们采用直译。所谓意译,就是只下,我们采用直译。所谓意译,就是只 保持原文内容、不保持原文保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。译文的语言(或目的语)与原文的语言形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。译文的语言(或目的语)与原文的语言(或原语)在许多情况下并不拥有同样的表达形式来体现同样的内容,(或原语)在许多情况下并不拥有同样的表达形式来体现同样的内容,更谈不上产生同样的效果。在这种情况下,一般采用意译为好。更谈不上产生同样的效果。在这种情况下,一般采用意译为好。 l例句例句: I talked to him with
7、 brutal frankness.l(1)我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。(逐词翻译)我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。(逐词翻译)l(2)我同他谈话时,使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。(直译)我同他谈话时,使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。(直译)l(3)我对他讲的话,虽然逆耳,却是忠言。(意译)我对他讲的话,虽然逆耳,却是忠言。(意译)l2. His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. l(1)他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。(逐词翻译)他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。(逐词翻译)l(2)他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。
8、(直译)他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。(直译)l(3)面对这宁静的良宵美景,他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。(意译)面对这宁静的良宵美景,他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。(意译)Literal Translation and Free Translation l短文翻译 (学生课堂讨论)lAs we topped the hill, the clouds lifted and the harbour looked most beautiful in its semicircle of hills and half-lights. The colour of a pale pearl grey and
9、of a fairy texture. Quite indescribable and unpaintable, the air crisp and fresh. This Arctic scenery has a beauty which is the exact antithesis of the Christmas card of tradition. Soft, melting half-tones. Nothing brittle or garish. l当我们上到山顶时,云升上去了,海港在半圆形的小山中和半明半暗中,看起来最美。苍白珍珠灰的颜色和仙境般的特征,是非常难以形容和描绘的
10、。空气是清新和爽快的。北极地区的风景有一种美丽,那与传统圣诞节卡片适成对照。它们柔和而动人得象照相铜版,没有什么易碎的或太花哨的东西。l第一种译法不拘泥于原文形式,处理得比较灵活。它根据上下文的意思加了一些字,把句子联结得十分自然,如在翻译时加了“雾散”,成为“云消雾散”。在第二句话的前面加了“这一带充满着”。这些意思符合原文精神实质,这种加法是容许的。第二种译法太机械了,一字对一字,不敢越出原文一步。根本原因在于对原文食而不化,没有完全吃透。参考译文l我们到了山顶,云消雾散,只见海港在围成半圆形的小山丛中,朦朦胧胧,煞是好看。这一带充满着珍珠似的银灰色,宛如仙境,无法形容,也无法描绘。空气清
11、新宜人。这北极地区景色之美,同传统的圣诞节卡片适成对照,它浓淡交融,光影柔和,清雅绝俗。Literal Translation or Free Translation? lWhen I had satisfied the first sharpness of hunger, I could eat no more. l意译在最初的强烈饥饿感满足以后,我就再也吃不下去了。lThus, I imagine, must the pious feel cleansed on leaving the confessional after the solemnity of absolution. l意译我
12、想,虔诚的信徒在参加庄严的忏悔仪式之后离开忏悔室时,一定也是这样感到自己圣洁了。Free TranslationlThe great scientists are often men of supernormal vitality which enables them to retain a freshness of outlook and enterprise even into their old age. l意译伟大的科学家往往具有超人的活力,因此,即令到了晚年,他们还保有新颖的观点和朝气蓬勃的事业心。lWatch out for Harlow, hes full of mickey m
13、ouse ideas.l字面意义要小心哈洛,他满脑子都是米老鼠的想法。l意译要提防着点哈洛,他满脑子歪门邪道。(下流、不高明的看法)Literal Translation or Free Translation?lHer father was very fond of Hughie, but would not hear of any engagement.l直译她的父亲很喜欢休希,但不愿意听到任何订婚的事。l意译她的父亲很喜欢休希,但一提到订婚的事他就不干。lA good teacher should have his head in the clouds sometimes, but hi
14、s feet always on the ground. l字面意义一个好老师的头有时要放在云层中,但他的脚应该永远站在地上。l意译好老师有时应该富于幻想,但时时刻刻必须从实际出发。直译vs意译lDont take the low-fat label as a license to eat.l不能因为食品标明低脂肪,而敞开食用。l别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。第一节 词类转换法lThe abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Hel
15、sinki earned them the condemnation. 他们违反违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议,在国内侵犯侵犯基本人权,因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责谴责。l(Cf. Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country. )词类转换法补充练习及参考译文 There are stories too of early Africa
16、n voyages to America. l另外,还有一些传说,谈到非洲人最初航海到美洲来的情形。lHis drawing of children is exceptionally good. 他画小孩尤其擅长。他的小孩画特别好。(有歧义:一是他很善于画小孩,二是收藏了一些很好的小孩画。)lO. Henry is the creator of a new short story genre in literature. 欧亨利在文学上创造了短篇小说的一种新体裁。欧亨利是文学上短篇小说的一种新体裁的创造者。词类转换补充练习lThey were the prime movers in all t
17、he exploration of the period. l这个时期所有的大探险事业主要是由他们推动的。 lThe international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.l由于世界普遍缺乏粮食,这就直接影响到科威特和其他不毛的沙漠国家。lThe presence of the Indians here at the time of Columbus arrival being sufficient proof of it. l在哥伦布来到美洲的时候,此地已经有了印
18、地安人,仅凭这个事实,就足以证明这一点。lWe were all concerned with serious contemporary problems, especially the Middle East question and the continuation of the cruel war in Viet-Nam. l我们都十分关切当前的重大问题,特别是中东问题和仍在进行的残酷的越南战争。词类转换法补充练习及参考译文lPublic opinion was against the proposal. 舆论都反对这个提议。lAll the suggestions Ive made a
19、re for your reference only. 所提意见,仅供参考。lSouth Africa has refused to heed the legitimate appeal of the United Nations for co-operation. 南非无视联合国要求合作的正当呼吁。l that we here highly resolve, that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for t
20、he people, shall not perish from the earth. 所以我们应在这里表示最大的决心; 这个国家在上帝保佑下,一定要获得自由的新生;而这个政府也一定要民有、民治、民享,才不会从地球上消失。lWisely, you made no attempt to have this problems discussed by the General Assembly, believing that they should be dealt with elsewhere. 你非常明智,没有试图让大会讨论这些问题,而认为应在其他场合解决。重复法lTesss excitable
21、 heart beat against his by way of reply and there they stood upon the red-brick floor of the entry, the sun slanting in by the window upon his back, as he held her tightly to his breast; upon her inclining face, upon the blue veins of her temple, upon her naked arm, and her neck, and into the depths
22、 of her hair. (64词)重复法练习参考译文l苔丝那颗容易激动的心,紧靠在克莱的心上,怦怦直跳,表示反响。于是两个就站在穿堂里的红砖地上,克莱把苔丝紧紧地搂在怀里,日光从窗户眼儿斜着射了进来,射到克莱的脊背上,同时射到苔丝侧垂着的脸上,射到她的太阳穴的青筋上,射到她露着的胳膊和脖子上,又深深射进她那又多又厚的头发里。第三节 正反反正翻译法l英语和汉语均有从正面或反面来表达一种概念的现象。如果原文从反面表达直译出来不合乎译语习惯,就可考虑从正面表达,反之亦然。使用哪种方法,主要看译语表达习惯及修辞效果而定。l 正反翻译法例句: Herb may be dying somewhere,
23、 calling out for his mum and dad, and only strangers around him. 赫伯也许正在什么地方快死了,嘴里喊着爹妈,而周围连一连一个亲人也没有个亲人也没有。l反正翻译法例句:We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远要永远对生活抱乐观态度。抽象与具体转换法lBut my mother had not passed this way for years. And the slimness and the stride were long past, too. 但是,
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