考研英语强化班写作讲义.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流考研英语强化班写作讲义.精品文档.第一节 考研写作总论一、课程安排：1、考研写作总论：复习计划、学习方法、大纲解读2、段落写作：框架结构、启承转合3、图画作文：大纲样题、0508真题4、应用文：书信、备忘录/报告、摘要、告示二、复习计划： （一）考前冲刺： 1、攻克词汇： 2、精研真题：9408共15年真题 1）词汇：没有一个词汇不认识 2）选项：没有一个选项不了解 3）句子结构：没有一个句子结构不清楚 4）背诵：考研阅读经典文章 5）英译汉： 3、适当模考：09年1月 （二）时间分配： 1、14：0014：15 写作A节 2、14：1514

2、：50 写作B节 3、14：5016：00 阅读A节 4、16：0016：20 阅读B节（新题型） 5、16：2016：40 阅读C节（翻译） 6、16：4017：00 完型填空三、学习方法：（一） 提高实力：1、 背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善（20大必背范文见附录）2、 默写：发现写作弱点3、 中译英：提高写作实力4、 写作：模仿（二）掌握技巧：万能框架四、大纲解读：考研写作两大黄金原则（一）印象原则：书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰2008真题：Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawi

3、ng. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.Cooperation, team work, team spirit, help each other（二）语言第一位、结构第二位、内容第三位： 1、语言： 1）基本正确 2）丰富多变（词汇句型） 2、结构：1）段落结构：总分总结构（1）主题句：1句，改写提纲（2）描述或论证：23句（3）小结：1句 2）评分标准：（1）关联词：小作文35个、大作文

4、57个 （2）同义替换：词汇句型 （3）代词替换：it, that, they 3、内容：观点/思维附：考研写作大纲要求（一）评价目标：考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：1） 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；2） 遵循文章的特定文体格式；3） 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；4） 根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。（二）考试内容：该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信

5、函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分10分。B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。（三）评分原则和方法：1、虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同，但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据两节的不同考查要点，评分是会有不同的侧重点。A节应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将

6、根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。2、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有13分的调节分。3、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。4、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。5、如书写较差，以致影响读者理解，将分数降低一个档次。第二节 段落写作一、考研论说

7、文框架结构：3段，12句左右，160250词，57个关联词（适可而止），57个从句（多多益善）（一） 第一段：图画/表描述，3句1、 总体描述：人物/动物/事物动作环境，1句2008真题：Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.Two disabl

8、ed/handicapped young men are running/walking/striding forward/continuing their new journey on the ground/in the fields.2、 挖掘细节词、串连成句：12句08:Their tools/cruthces are left behind.Two of their legs are bound together.They are supporting each other with their firm hands.独立主格结构：Crutches left behind and le

9、gs bound together, they are supporting each other with their firm hands.3、 文字说明/象征寓意：1句1） The caption reads, “”.2） We are informed that “”.08:The caption reads, “You have only/merely one leg and so do I. Helping each other, we can travel all around”.（二） 第二段：意义阐释，5句1、 主题句：象征寓意，1句2、 论证：3句1） 因果论证：Cause

10、 and EffectLack ability, lack experience, advantages and disadvantages, fierce competition, pressure/stress, face difficulties and challenges2） 举例论证：Exemplificationsuccessfully host the 29th Olympic Gamesthe successful launch of Change NO. 1 lunar probeYao Ming, Liu Xiang3） 联系现实：图画作文创作原则（以小见大，把握象征寓意

11、，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象）2002：Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures-National and International”In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comments on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER

12、 SHEET II. An American girl in traditional Chinese costumeRepresent, symbolize, epitomize, be naturally associated with3、 小结：1句（三） 第三段：建议措施，4句1、 结论句：1句2、 针对双方提建议：2句3、 包装结尾、展望未来：1句1) Only in this way can we solve the problem.2) It is high time that we solved the problem.评卷实例：2001年真题Directions:Among a

13、ll the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone had his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,2) give a spec

14、ific example, and3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.1、范文一：18分范文It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is somethi

15、ng common to us all. But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.As is shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places. This tells us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp. It is mo

16、st valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help very much. I asked her what she wanted. She tol

17、d me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me very much because my help was needed very much. My help was like a lamp in dark places.I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to stran

18、gers. In this way, we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world.考研写作七大高分技巧：1）大量使用物称代词作主语2）大量使用被动语态3）大量使用定语状语4）大量使用精彩从句5）大量使用精彩句型6）大量使用主系表结构7）大量使用精彩词组2、范文二：20分范文：Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings. Every

19、body not only needs love, but also should give love.As is described in the picture, “love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. M

20、aybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties.For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his life. Or when a l

21、ittle girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.So to sum up, we should offer our help to all wh

22、o are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, dont hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place

23、for us to live in.二、 启承转合：（一） 启：启动观点、开篇点题（二） 承：观点承接、正面论证1、 First(ly), In the first place, First and foremost, Above all, On the one hand, For one thing,2、 Second(ly), In the second place, Besides, In addition, What is more, Furthermore, Moreover, On the other hand, For another3、 Third(ly), (The) Las

24、t but not (the) least, More importantly, Even worse,（三） 转：观点转折、反面论证conversely, nevertheless, unfortunately, whereas, yet, instead, in/by comparison/contrast, on the contrary（四） 合：文章结尾、合并归纳As a result/consequence, Consequently, Accordingly, Thus, Hence, Generally/Briefly speaking,第三节 图画作文一、大纲样题（2000年

25、写作真题）：Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Describe the pictures.2. Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3. Suggest count

26、er measures.A Brief History of World Commercial Fishing As is shown in the pictures, we can see that with the increase of commercial fishing, the number of fishes sharply decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was

27、 only one fish, but many fishing-boats.The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean resources. Owing to over-fishing, the number of fishes has obviously decreased. If we let this situation go as it is, we wont know where fish is in the future.

28、By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resou

29、rces are vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also I believe that we human beings can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a bright future.写作练习五步骤： 1、读懂：十遍精读：1） 精彩词汇2） 精彩词组3） 精彩句型4） 句子结构：简单句（主干修饰成分）、从句、时态、冠词、主谓一致5） 段落结构：总分总，主题句论证（小结）6） 关联词：小作文35个，大作文57个7） 同义替换：词汇句型

30、8） 代词替换：it, that, they9） 精彩观点：10） 原因建议：2、造句：3、大声朗读：4、背诵：5：运用：05：As is shown in the picture, we can see that with the rapid/speedy social and economic development, the number of the young/youth who financially support senior citizens sharply decreases. In the picture, there are four grown-up children

31、 who are playing a football match of caring the old. The caption reads, it is a “football game of looking after the elders”.The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the mistreatment of the elderly. Owing to selfishness, the number of adolescents taking care of th

32、e elder has obviously shrunk. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where the aged will be in the future. By that time, our society will suffer a great destruction.Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make stric

33、t laws to severly punish those ill-treating old people. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that repecting our parents is very vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our aged parents. Also I believe that we human beings can improve the present situation, and we will have a b

34、righter future.06:As is shown in the pictures, we can see that with the rapid social and economic development, the number of the young who like/love/admire/adore/worship the stars/superstars/famous people/heroes/celebrities/idols sharply increases. In one picture, there is a young man with Beckhams

35、name on his face. In the second/other picture, there is another young man who is doing Beckhams hair/hairstyle/haircut.The purpose of the pictures is to show us that due attention has to be paid to idolatry/idol worship/worship for the idols. Owing to fashion trend, the number of adolescents admirin

36、g celebrities has obviously risen. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where the juvenile will be in the future. By that time, our society will suffer a great destruction.Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to e

37、ncourage teenagers to improve themselves. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that traditional Chinese culture is very vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our youngsters. Also I believe that we human beings can improve the present situation, and we will have a brighter fu

38、ture.07:As is shown in the picture, we can see that with the rapid social and economic development, the number of the young who have confidence sharply decreases. In the goalkeepers mind, there are a huge goal and a little keeper. In the strikers mind, there are a huge keeper and a little goal.The p

39、urpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the lack of confidence. Owing to fierce competition, the number of adolescents possessing self-confidence has obviously shrunk. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where the juvenile will be in the future. By t

40、hat time, our society will suffer a great destruction.08:As is shown in the picture, we can see that with the rapid social and economic development, the number of the young who help each other sharply increases. In the picture, there are two disabled young men who are running on the ground. The capt

41、ion reads, “You have only/merely one leg and so do I. Helping each other, we can travel all around”.The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to cooperation. Owing to doting care, the number of adolescents helping each other has obviously shrunk. If we let this situa

42、tion go as it is, we do not know where the juvenile will be in the future. By that time, our society will suffer a great destruction.Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to encourage teenagers to help each other. For another, we

43、should enhance the awareness of people that team work is very vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our youngsters. Also I believe that we human beings can improve the present situation, and we will have a brighter future.第四节 应用文最新大纲：A节应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，

44、所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。例：2005：Directions: Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. W

45、ang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.2006：Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind o

46、f child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words.2007：Directions: Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your name at the end of

47、the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)2008：Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to 1)make an apology, 2)suggest a solution.一、书信格式：（一）称呼1、题目无人名：Dear Sir or Madam, 2、题目有人名：Dear人名,（二）正文：3段、7句左右、100120词、35关联词、35从句 1、第一段：12句1）自我介绍（1）工作人员：05：I am a staff member from your company/corporation.06：I am a staff member from