2018年12月英语四级真题及答案第三套.doc

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1、2018年12月英语四级真题及答案第三套Part IWriting(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges ofstarting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part Listening Comprehension(25 minutes)特别说明：由于四级考试全国共考了两套听

2、力，本套真题听力与前两套内容相同，只是选项顺序不同，故不再重复给出。Part Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully b

3、efore making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.A few months ago, I was down with a terrible cold whic

4、h ended in a persistent bad cough. No matter how many different26I tried, I still couldnt get rid of the cough. Not only did it27 my teaching but also my life as a whole. Then one day after class, a student came up to me and28 traditional Chinese medicine. From her description, Chinese medicine soun

5、ded as if it had magic power that worked wonders. I was 29because I knew so little about it and have never tried it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldnt sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my tongue, both of which wer

6、e new31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping (刮) treatment known as Gua Sha. I was a little32at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the33 strokes started to produce a r

7、elieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation. I didnt feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone!A) deepenI) remediesB)

8、experiencesJ) scaredC) hesitantK) sensitiveD) inconvenienceL) sinkE) lessenM) temporaryF) licensesN) trembleG) pressuredO) worseH) recommendedSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of

9、the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is it really OK to eat food thats fallen on the floor?A)When you

10、 drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs wont have much of a chance to contaminate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contamina

11、ted, and weve done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B)While the “five-second rule” might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, its still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat

12、.C) So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold (门槛) that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? Its a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.D)Wondering

13、 if food is still OK to eat after its dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And its probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop

14、 lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know.E)In fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, “But you can always pick it up and if youre alone in the ki

15、tchen, whos going to see it?” But the misremembered story persists. Its harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food

16、that had dropped on the floor.F)So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a research project at the University of I

17、llinois. Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles (瓷砖) and then placed cookies on the tiles for varyingtimes. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds, but didnt report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to

18、 the foodG)But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the

19、food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5, 30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had bee

20、n on the surface for 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours.H)We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didnt depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface matte

21、red more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like whats at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.I)We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets

22、, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 48-70% of bacteria were.J)Last year, a study from Aston University in the UK used

23、nearly identical parameters (参数) to ourstudy and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor.K)Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface

24、, 0.1% is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems.

25、 But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L)And its not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various media, which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from cou

26、ghing or sneezing (打喷嚏). Hands, foods and utensils (器皿)can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbo

27、r bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Bacteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers (清洁剂)and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M)So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without get

28、ting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N)Research or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, ut

29、ensils and other surfaces clean.36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37.Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the f

30、loor.39.Males are less likely than females to cat food that may have been contaminated.40.The authors research centers around how food gets contaminated.41.Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.4

31、3.For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.45.Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the

32、food stayed on a contaminated floor.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter

33、 on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of case and effect.According to a newly pub

34、lished study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey (猎物) using both their ears and an inborn (天生的) understanding of how the physical world works.In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a team member shook. Some containers

35、 rattled (发出响声); others did not. When the container was tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didnt.It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, t

36、hey looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected.“Cats use a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the appearance of invisible objects,” lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. The researchers conclude that cats hunting style m

37、ay have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. Like cats, babies appear to engage in whats called “preferential looking” looking longer at things that are interesting or un

38、usual than things they perceive as normal.When babies expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends. Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect

39、as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, so cats may not be the next physics faculty members at Americas most important research universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, theyve shown that the divide b

40、etween cats and humans may not be that great after all.46.What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A)They can be trained to understand the physical world.B)They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C)They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.D)They are capable

41、 of telling which way their prey flees.47.What may account for the cats response to the noise from the containers?A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise.C) Their special ability to perceive.B) Their unusual sense of direction.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48. What is characteristic of the way c

42、ats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers?A) They depend on their instincts.C) They wait some time before attack.B) They rely mainly on their hearing.D) They use both their ears and eyes.49. In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.C) They do what they prefer to

43、 do.B) They view the world as normal.D) They are curious about everything.50.What can we conclude about cats from the passage?A)They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B)They interact with the physical world much like humans.C)They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D

44、)They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator pedals (踏板). Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. “The fastest route will take us 15.3 minu

45、tes. Should I take it?” You say “yes” and you are on your way. The car responds and starts moving by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected

46、 and driving much safer. On the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modern society in radical ways. Theres no question that self-driving vehicles could be an eno

47、rmous benefit. The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually- or physically -impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars wo

48、uld drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non-renewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately