《研究生英语高级教程》教师用书.doc
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1、【精品文档】如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流研究生英语高级教程教师用书.精品文档.Unit 1Waking Up from the American DreamBackground Information1. The American dream: The American Dream is the concept widely held in the United States of America, that through hard work, courage and determination, one can achieve prosperity (often associa
2、ted with the Protestant work ethic). These were the values of the original pioneers who crossed the American plains when Northern Europeans first came to America. What the American dream has become is a question under constant discussion.History of the American dream: The origin of the American drea
3、m stems from the departure in government and economics from the models of the Old World. This allowed unprecedented freedom, especially the possibility of dramatic upward social mobility. Additionally, from the Revolutionary War well into the later half of the nineteenth century, many of Americas ph
4、ysical resources were unclaimed and often undiscovered, allowing the possibility of coming across a fortune through relatively little, but lucky investment in land or industry. The development of the Industrial Revolution defined the mineral and land wealth which was there in abundance, contrary to
5、the environmental riches such as huge herds of bison and diversity of forests, for the original Native Americans.Many early Americans prospectors headed west of the Rocky Mountains to buy acres of cheap land in hopes of finding deposits of gold. The American dream was a driving factor not only in th
6、e Gold Rush of the mid to late 1800s, but also in the waves of immigration throughout that century and the following.Impoverished western Europeans escaping the Irish potato famines in Ireland, the Highland clearances in Scotland and the aftermath of Napoleon in the rest of Europe came to America to
7、 escape a poor quality of life at home. They wanted to embrace the promise of financial security and constitutional freedom they had heard existed so widely in the United States.The American dream today: In the 20th century, the American dream had its challenges. The Depression caused widespread har
8、dship during the Twenties and Thirties, and was almost a reverse of the dream for those directly affected. Racial instability did not disappear, and in some parts of the country racial violence was almost commonplace. There was concern about the undemocratic campaign known as McCarthyism carried on
9、against suspected Communists.Since the end of World War II, young American families have sought to live in relative bourgeois comfort in the suburbs that they built up. This was aided as a vision by the apparent winning of the Cold War.2. Wal-Mart: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. was founded by Sam Walton, a
10、legend of American retail industry, in Arkansas in 1962. After 44 years of growth, it has become the worlds largest private employer and retailer. The company employs over 1.8 million associates worldwide and operates more than 6,600 units in 15 countries.Wal-Mart serves more than 176 million custom
11、ers worldwide per week.Language Points1. run out of steam: become exhausted2. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages: “Slammed” here means “make slip rapidly”.3. minting dot-com millionaires by the thousands, : A lot of people beca
12、me millionaires by running websites in 1990s when the economy was booming.4. Its hard to find a job with a career ladder these days, and a B.A. would be an edge: Its hard to find a job that can provide opportunity to move up these days and those with a B.A. would have advantage over others.5. Restor
13、ing American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen: Restoring American mobility is a question of making it happen rather than a question of knowing what to do.Answer keysI. Reading Comprehension A. 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B B. Open.II. Vo
14、cabularyA. 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. AB. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. CIII. Cloze1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. DIV. TranslationA. 壳牌公司努力构建的管理风格是让雇员直接参与影响其工作的决策。在最终确立所在部门的工作目标之前,公司鼓励员工参与讨论这些目标。通过员工汇报制度,公司还鼓励员工参与制定来年的工作目标,认同其培训需求,励炼其志向,以便公司
15、在制定专业培训计划时把这些也考虑在内。这种做法是该公司雇佣关系哲学的核心。集团公司相信这种做法对公司大有裨益,同时对雇员的合理期望也给予承认。B. In America, real income losses have been particularly large for the bottom 40% of wage earners in recent years, despite improvements in the economy and relatively low levels of unemployment. Actually, low levels of unemploymen
16、t owe more to slow growth in the workforce than to robust economic expansion. Widening inequality or gap between the rich and the poor would be less problematic if, as economists argue, it were accompanied by greater upward mobility.V. Fast Reading 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A VI. Writing Omitted.Readin
17、g SKillsGuessing vocabulary items from context1. B, definition2. C, definition3. A, simile4. D, summary5. C, antonym6. C, antonym7. D, appositive8. A, synonym9. C, summary10. B, synonym11. D, example12. A, appositive13. D, simile14. A, simile15. A, appositive参考译文从“美国梦”中醒来没有发展前途的工作和昂贵的大学学费可能阻断社会地位的提升
18、。 阿伦伯恩斯坦1最近人们常常谈论美国的“沃尔玛现象”美国就像零售巨头“沃尔玛”一样,想方设法将成本并从而将价格降到最低,而且乐此不疲。但多年来,即便在经济迅速发展的20世纪90年代,企业文化盛行的美国社会早已普遍在控制劳动力成本方面引入了沃尔玛式的策略,诸如雇用临时工和兼职人员、同工会斗争、消除内部晋升机制,以及将制造环节外包给国内外人力成本较低的承包商。2尽管这些策略在降低消费品价格方面成效显著,在其他方面却造成严重损失。一本名曰低工资的美国:企业主如何再造岗位就业机会的新书中提到,超过劳动力人口总数1/4的约3400万名工人因工资低、工作没有前途而陷入困境。此外,很多中等收入的高级技术人
19、员的工作机会也在减少,因为企业正将工作外包给分包商和临时代理机构,并将更多的白领工作转移到中国和印度。3这种情况渐渐侵蚀了美国社会最受重视的价值观之一:使国民有能力在有生之年不断提高经济地位。以前,大多数美国人,即便技能不高也能找到薪水低的门房或工厂工作,当有了工作经验并拿到更高的工资时就逐渐上升到中产阶级。但在20世纪70年代,二战后生产的繁荣消退之际,社会地位提高的劳动者人数开始减少。80年代,随着全球化和科技的发展,蓝领阶层的工资大幅度下滑,向上升迁的减弱趋势更甚于以往。4在生产力回升、经济蓬勃发展的20世纪90年代,许多专家曾指望上述趋势可以逆转。诚然,那时的收益颇多。长期以来不断下降
20、的工资状况有所好转,人才紧缺的劳动力市场几乎使每个人的工资都在上涨。大学入学率和房屋拥有量快速飙升,“美国梦”惠及更多的家庭。连社会最底层的人都享受到了低利率和更高工资带来的好处。根据纽约大学经济学教授埃德华N沃尔夫所作的一项研究,就连当时最贫困家庭(以资产净值少于5000美元为衡量标准)的数量都略有减少。5但令人惊讶的是,新的研究表明,30年中最好的经济态势都没能重振美国人一向自吹自捧的“向上升迁”的传统。这些新的研究对一些个人和家庭进行了多年的跟踪调查,向我们展示了一幅自相矛盾的画面:在20世纪90年代,尽管当时美国的财富急剧膨胀,靠网络起家的百万富翁数以千计,传统的企业却在砍断晋升的职业
21、阶梯,以致那10年中能够提升经济地位的人比以前更少了。6根据劳工统计局的两位经济学家乔纳森D费希尔和大卫S约翰逊对截至2001年10年间的收入趋势所做的分析,在20世纪90年代,相对的地位变迁率(即收入档次提高和下降的美国人占人口总数之百分比)下降了两个百分点,降至62%。两个百分点听起来可能不算什么,但想想处于飞速发展的美国经济原本可以为人们提供多得多的升迁机会,那么下降两个百分点就是坏消息了。芝加哥大学经济学教授、诺贝尔奖获得者詹姆斯J海克曼说,从本质上看,“近些年的一大发现就是过去美国社会有很强的上下流动性,而现在不是了。”7实际上,两位波士顿联邦储备银行的经济学家对30年间家庭收入的分
22、析表明,不论收入水平高低,10年间滞留于同一个收入档次的人数在20世纪90年代有所增长。所以,尽管经济的繁荣使门房和办事员的工资在20世纪90年代末上升了5%至10%,他们中很多人仍是门房和办事员,只有很少人争取到收入较高的位置。拿伊梅尔达罗曼来说,她在密尔沃基一家非营利性机构做咨询工作,年薪为3万美元,折算通货膨胀因素后,这位33岁的单身母亲所挣到的勉强达到2.7万美元的年薪只相当于十几年前的一个学校班车司机的收入水平。罗曼希望能回到大学去进修,为前程增加砝码。她说:“如今很难找到可以逐步得到提升的工作,而有个文学学士学位就多些竞争力。”8罗曼所处的是一个在经济层面上渐渐出现了阶层分化的社会
23、。如今能否晋升越来越取决于大学学历,而取得大学学历的大多数人的父母已具备经济实力或受过文化教育。问题是,大多数低收入家庭的学生只能对至关重要的学历文凭望洋兴叹。虽然高收入家庭的子女进入大学的人数剧增,但越来越多的贫困家庭的子女只上得起社区大学,而这类大学通常不设学士学位。2001年拿到学位的贫困学生比率不足5%,跟30年前没什么两样。这一结论是托马斯G莫申森根据人口调查局的数据分析得出的,他在衣阿华州的俄克鲁萨出版了一份教育时事通讯。9随着那些没有或不能取得学位的人滞留在社会底层,“一代更比一代强”的进步趋势美国社会生活的主流逐渐消逝。去年,惠奇塔州立大学社会学教授大卫W莱特与其两位同事更新了
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