旅游英语中国文化基础知识.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流旅游英语中国文化基础知识.精品文档. 山体景观：Mount HuangMount Huang is often referred to as the most fantastic mountain under heaven. it is unique in that it seems to possess the best features of all the other famous mountains in china: the grandeur of Mount Tai, the forbidding steepness and he

2、ight of Mount Hua or Mount Tai, the mist and cloud of Mount Heng in Hunan Province, the waterfalls of Mount Lu, the picturesque rocks of Yandang Mountain, the seclusion of Emei Mountain, the great Ming Dynasty Chinese geographer and traveler, Xu Xiake, said of it:I find it no longer worth my while t

3、o look at a mountaina after visiting the Five sacred mountains. No longer do I find it worth while to look at the sacred five after returning from Huangshan.Mount Huang lies in Huangshan City of Anhui Province, covering an area of 250 kilometers, the highest spot is 1873 meters high at lotus Peak. T

4、hrough-out ages, the peculiar pines, strange stones, cloudy sea, and hot springs are honored as the Four Peculiarities of Mount Huang.Tiandu Peak is the steepest part of Mount Huang, It seems to scrape the sky and is very hard to climb. The lotus Peak is the highest peak. Since ancient times, the se

5、a-like clouds in Mount Huang have been very famous. Almost every day except in summer, Mount Huang is surrounded by mist, and vast cloud sea is often formed. So Mount Huang is also known as Huang sea. Mount Tai - The East Mount The “Five Sacred Mountains” of China include Mount Tai, Mount Huashan, M

6、ount Hengshan（衡山）, Mount Songshan, and Mount Hengshan（恒山）. Located in the east of China, Mount Tai is called the East Mount, which is the First of the “Five Sacred Mountains”. According to the Chinese ancient mythology, when Pangu, the ancestor of all things, died, his head turned into Mount Tai, hi

7、s belly turned into the Central Mountain, his left arm turned into the Southern Mountain, his right arm turned into the Northern Mountain and his feet turned into the West Mount. Mount Tai thus has become the head of all mountains. Mount Tai has an area of 260 square kilometers, located in Taian Cit

8、y in Shandong Province. At the south foot of Mount Tai, there are 4 famous scenes: the Mount Tai, there are 4 famous scenes: the Mount Tai Temple, the Black Dragon Pool, the Heavenly Queen Pool, and the Red Gate Palace. Along the slope of the mountain there are 3 well-known scenes: Dou Mu Palace, th

9、e valley of stone sutra, and the Five-Pine Pavilion. There is the South Gate to Heaven ( Nan Tian Men ) on the top of the mountain. And the very summit of Mount Tai is called Yu Huang Summit. Lying in the east of the summit, the pavilion of Sunrise Watching is the traditional place to watch the sunr

10、ise. The old saying goes “One has eyes but may fail to recognize Mount Tai.” （有眼不识泰山） This may emphasize the depth and magnificence of the mountain. It is the first place in China to be listed as the worlds cultural and natural heritage site by UNESCO.（联合国科教文明组织）水体景观：Huangguoshu FallsHuangguoshu fal

11、ls, the largest waterfall in China, is located on the Baishui River of Guizhou Province.Huangguoshu falls have great appeal to men because of its elegantly-pro-portioned shapeliness. For this it has earned the reputation of being the most magnificent and exquisite karst waterfall in the world.Here t

12、he rough and rapid water of the Baishui River rushes down directly from the cliffs to form waterfalls of 9 steps. The falls have a drop of 105.4 meters. From numerous whirling vortices the falls send out a thunderous roar which can be heard from a long distance .when the sun shines over the falls, t

13、he mist appears changeably colorful through the refraction of the sun.Huangguoshu falls is listed in the national register of key scenic spots. Three sites for viewing the falls have been provided: Guanpu Pavilion, shuilian Cave and Tiansheng Bridge.Guanpu Pavilion is built for observation of the fa

14、lls. Shuilian Cave is situated closely behind the falls. It is a cave constructed of several small natural ones, connected together. Openings in the caves allow observation of the falling water. Tianheng Bridge is in the lower reached of the falls. Above it extends a stone forest. The strange stones

15、 and trees give a scene of remote antiquity. The stone forest is like a maze, creating a bewildering labyrinths of endless passageways.West Lake of HangzhouWest Lake is located in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province. Because it is to the west of Hangzhou, it is named so. As the Chinese saying goes, “in

16、 heaven there is paradise, on earth Hangzhou and Suzhou”.Today West Lake covers in total an area of about 6 square kilometers, with a perimeter that extends 15 kilometers. It is divided in 3 parts: the outer, inner and back lakes near the Dam Su and Dam Bai.The outer lake consists of 3 little island

17、s: Santanyingyue, Huxinting, and Ruangongdun. In the lake there is an island. Near the island in the water stand 3 stone towers, each if which is 2 meters high with 5 holes in the main section. Every Mid-autumn Festival, candles are lit in the tower and the light projects into water through the hole

18、s covered with transparent papers. The candle lights mirrored in the water resemble round moon in the sky, thus giving the island its name-Santanyingyue.As well as being the location of historical sites, West Lake also houses collections of cultural relics such as the well-known black pottery of Lia

19、ngzhu, bronze wares of the Shang and the Zhou dynasties, celadon wares, and paintings. Around the lake are the Liuhe tower, the Lingyin temple and other ancient buildings and historical remains such as the statues in the grottos of Feilai peak.中国园林：Imperial Garden The term “imperial garden” generall

20、y refers to those in which emperors lived and entertained themselves. Beijing, the capital of China for more than 100 years, harbors many imperial gardens. The Summer Palace（颐和园）, the Qianlong Garden（乾隆园）, the Garden of Gardens（圆明园）, the Summer Resort of Chengde（承德避暑山庄） are all outstanding examples

21、of classical Chinese garden culture and also part of the precious world cultural heritage. The Qianlong Garden is located in the eastern section of former imperial palace or the Forbidden City. The construction of the garden started in 1772 and finished in 1776. It occupies an area of 5,920 square m

22、eters. The Garden of Gardens, also called Yuanming Garden, is a renowned imperial garden and is located in the northwest of Beijing, covering an area of 350 hectares. It was originally built in 1709, and expansions were conducted several times. Many of the countrys famous scenery were imitated in th

23、is garden. The Summer Palace is a famous classical imperial garden, situated in the northwest suburb of Beijing. Originally it was a provisional palace of the Jin dynasty. It was rebuilt by Emperor Qianlong in 1750 and Empress Dowager Cixi in 1888. It embraces the Longevity Hill and the Kunming Lake

24、. The Mountain Resort in Chengde is located 250 kilometers to the northeast of Beijing. It was first built in 1703 and had grown into the largest classical imperial garden of the world with a total area of 5.64 million square meters.Private Garden The Chinese garden has been a carrier of Chinese tra

25、ditional culture and is a gem of the architecture of China and of the world. A Chinese garden is usually mixed with man-made landscape and natural scenery, reflecting the talents and achievement of Chinese in architecture, painting, literature, calligraphy, and horticulture. In earlier times, privat

26、e gardens in China were owned by bureaucrats, rich merchants, and the scholar-gentry. During the Ming and Qing dynasties private gardens were found all over China. In the north, most of them were built in Beijing and in the south in Suzhou and Hangzhou. Suzhou is particularly well known for its Four

27、 Renowned Gardens : the Blue Wave Pavilion （沧浪亭）, the Lion Forest Garden （狮子林）, the Humble Administrators Garden （拙政园） and the Lingering Garden （留园）. The style of private gardens is quite different from that of the imperial gardens. As extensions of dwellings, they are generally small in size and pe

28、rform multiple functions such as lodging, get-togethers, studying, theatrical performance, and sightseeing. The Yuyuan Garden is located in Shanghai. It was built in 1577 with a 20,000-square-metre space. The Yuyuan Garden today is a veritable jungle of architectural structure, and totals 48 scenic

29、spots-chambers, halls, pavilions, kiosks, corridors, walls, trees, rocks and ponds. The Humble Administrators Garden is the largest classical garden in Suzhou with about 52,000 square meters. It was originally built in 1909 by an imperial censor who had just been demoted and sent back to his hometow

30、n. The entire garden was built around streams and ponds. The Lingering Garden is located in west Suzhou and covers about 23,000 square meters. It is composed of a sparkling pond surrounded by artificial hills on four sides and an idyllic artificial hill of giant proportions.中国工艺品：Chinese Silk Embroi

31、dery China has a wide variety of arts and crafts with excellent workmanship. Chinese folk arts can mainly fall into cutting, bundling, plaiting, knitting, embroidering, carving, molding and painting. According to the evidence, silk and silk fabric emerged in China at least 5,500 years ago. The famou

32、s Silk Road to the Middle East and Europe was initiated by Zhang Qian, who carried his diplomatic mission over 12 years under the imperial order of Han court. Gradually, the technique of sericulture and silk still enjoys its reputation for high quality throughout the world. Su embroidery(苏绣) origina

33、ted during the Northern Song Dynasty. People even named roads using words associated with silk and its embroidery. Its techniques include both single faced embroidery and unique double-faced embroidery that looks the same from either side. Basic features of Su embroidery are simple composition, clea

34、r theme, vivid image, and gentle color. In Yue embroidery（粤绣）, a variety of threat materials are used, including twisted peacock quill and hair from horsetails. Bright in color, it usually displays such themes as birds, Chinese phoenix, marine products, or melons. The Xiang embroidery（湘绣） came into

35、being during the latter part of the Qing Dynasty and it combined the style of both Su and Yue embroidery with the local embroidery style. Its unique embroidering techniques include the techniques of engraving, calligraphy and embroidery. This combination of techniques produces a new and unique embro

36、idery products, which are double-faced and of different images and colors on each side of a transparent chiffon. Xiang embroidery is especially famous for its tiger patterns. Shu embroidery（蜀绣） is also called Chuan embroidery because it is popular in Sichuan province. The materials used for Shu embr

37、oidery are locally produced soft satin and colorful threads. Shu embroiderers are especially adept at embroidering pandas and fish.The History of Chinese Kite Early kites were made and flown in the imperial court. Once a bamboo whistle was attached to a kite, and it produced the sound of a whistle w

38、hen the kite, was flying. The whistle is similar to the sound produced by the Zheng, a kind of Chinese tradition music instrument, thus got the name Fengzheng up to these days. The invention of paper decreased the cost of kites, and as a result, kite flying quickly spread among the common people. Ki

39、te making is a traditional Chinese folk handicraft. Kites made in Tianjin, Beijing and Weifang are considered superior to those made anywhere else. Tianjin is well known for its structure designing. Quite many new structures and designs have been developed there. Beijng is famous for its diverse sha

40、pes of kite. With a large variety of shapes, Beijing kites are made of paper or silk and painted mainly by hand. Weifang of Shandong Province is also famous for its kite making and flying customs. Every year, Weifang International Kite Festival is held in April, and kite enthusiasts from all over th

41、e world take part in and compete in the festival. It is no easy job to make a kite that one can be proud of. For the frame, the right kind of bamboo must be selected. It should be thick and strong for a kite of large dimensions in order to stand the wind pressure. For miniature kites, on the other h

42、and, thin bamboo strips are to be used. The second step in the making of a kite is the covering of the frame. This is normally done with paper, sometimes with silk. Silk kites are more durable and generally of higher artistic value. Painting of the kite (the third step) may be done in either of two

43、ways. For mass-produced kites, pre-printed paper is used to cover the frames. Custom-made kites are painted manually after covering. Many of the designs bear the message of good luck; a pine tree and a crane, for example, mean longevity, bats and peaches wish you good fortune and a long life, and so

44、 on.中国国画：Chinese Painting Chinese painting, the flower of Chinese culture, is distinguished by the spirit and the atmosphere of its own. It is entirely different from Western painting. That difference is hard to grasp and express. It has a certain tone and atmosphere, visible in Western painting, bu

45、t essentially different and achieved by different means. Chinese painting developed and was classified by theme into six Categories: Figure painting, Landscape painting, Flower and Bird paintings, Court painting, Literati painting and Dan Qing.Figure painting （人物画）: It includes portraits, story pain

46、ting and genre painting with figures as the main subject. Lines are the key points in the portrayal.Landscape painting （山水画）: Chinese landscape paintings can be divided into blue-and-green landscape, gold-and-green landscape, light-purple-red landscape and water ink landscape according to the colors

47、 used.Flower and Bird painting （花鸟画）: Flowers, rocks and birds are usually the main subject of this kind of paintings. Technically, it is an elaborate style with colors and a free style with ink.Court painting（宫廷画）: It refers to the work by those professional painters employed by the royal court, or

48、 the imitations of their works by other painters.Literati painting(文人画): It generally refers to paintings by intellectuals and officials, emphasizing more the scholarly execution of brush strokes and ink colors in expression than the paintings likeness to real images.Dan Qing (traditional Chinese pa

49、inting): The Chinese water ink painting actually developed from early “contour lines with filled-in colors” painting. “Dan Qing” literally means the mineral colors of cinnabar and azurite that were used in early paintings. So, people today use this term for traditional Chinese painting. The tools used in traditional Chinese painting are paintbrush, ink, traditional paint and special paper or silk.