托福阅读TPO32.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流托福阅读TPO32.精品文档.托福阅读TPO32查看托福口语TPO1-34文本+MP3，请点击：托福TPO口语大全查看托福阅读TPO1-33阅读原文+题目+答案，请点击：托福TPO阅读大全查看托福听力TPO1-30原文+题目+MP3音频下载，请点击：托福TPO听力大全查看托福写作TPO1-25文本大全，请点击：托福TPO写作大全托福阅读TPO32第1篇:Plant ColonizationColonization is one way in which plants canchange the ecology of a site. Colon

2、ization is aprocess with two components: invasion andsurvival. The rate at which a site is colonized byplants depends on both the rate at which individualorganisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site and their successat becoming established and surviving. Success in co

3、lonization depends to a great extent onthere being a site available for colonizationa safe site where disturbance by fire or bycutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competitionand other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can becom

4、eestablished. For a given rate of invasion, colonization of a moist, fertile site is likely to bemuch more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter. Afertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboringconstruction site fr

5、om which the soil has beencompacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even yearsdespite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.殖民化是植物能够改变一个地方生态的一种方法。这是一个由两部分组成的过程：入侵和生存。一个地方被植物殖民的比率是取决于两个东西的速率：生物体 (种子，孢子，

6、成熟或不成熟的个体) 到达这个区域和它们能成功地立足和生存。成功的殖民化取决于有一个非常适合定居的场所所谓安全的地方就是，火灾和砍伐的干扰已经赶走了竞争物种或已经减小了竞争力和对入侵物种要立足产生的阻力。对于入侵速率，迁居到一个潮湿肥沃的地方会比到一个干的，不肥沃的地方更快，因为在后者更难存活。一个肥沃，翻耕的领域会迅速地被大量多样的野草侵入，然而一个邻近的建筑区，为了曝光一个粗糙不肥沃的，并且几乎可能是多月或多年都没有植被覆盖的母质层，它的土壤已经是被压实或是移动，尽管是收到了如在翻耕区域相同的种子投入。Both the rate of invasion and the rate of ex

7、tinction vary greatly among different plantspecies. Pioneer speciesthose that occur only in the earliest stages of colonizationtend tohave high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductivepropagules (seeds, spores, and so on) and because they have an efficient means of d

8、ispersal(normally, wind).在不同的植物种类中，入侵率和灭绝率有很大的差别。先驱物种只出现在殖民的最初阶段它们能高效的入侵，因为它们可以产生大量的生殖繁殖体 (像是种子，孢子之类) 并且它们有一种高效的传播方式 (正常情况下，是风) 。If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, then they must produce verylarge numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habita

9、ts. Manyplants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relativelyshort-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means ofreaching the appropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that prod

10、uce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites bybirds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem toexhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in largenumbers on some forest floors. For example, as many as 1,

11、125 viable seeds per square meterwere found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species. Therapid colonization ofsuch sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflectio

12、n of thelarge seed bank on the forest floor.如果殖民植物产出的是寿命较短的生命繁殖体，之后它们就必须繁殖很大的数量，除非它们有一种高效的传播方式去适应新的栖息地。很多植物依靠风去传播并且产生大量的小且寿命相对较短的种子来抵消这样一种风并不总是能可靠地到达一个适合的栖息地的事实。一些植物已经发展了可供选择的策略，像那些能生产出通过鸟或小型哺乳动物带到合适栖息地的较小却更大的种子的植物，或是能生产出存活得更久的种子的植物。很多的森林植物偏于选择第二种方法，并且大量先驱植物的可存活种子也能在森林地被物上被找到。举个例子，在不列颠哥伦比亚沿海的道格拉斯西部铁

13、杉森林里，每一平方米都能找到 1125 个可生长的种子。几乎所有在这个种子库里发芽的种子都是属于先驱植物。如这样快速的在这种已被干扰的区域殖民毫无疑问是在部分反映出这个雨林地表的种子库。【4】An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variationin germination (the beginning of a seeds growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a widerange of germination dates,

14、 increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds willgerminate during a period of favorable environmental conditions. This is particularlyimportant for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation toameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great

15、 climatic diversity.这种在殖民物种里发展的很好的适应方法在萌芽期(种子成长初期)中存在很大程度的变化。一个特定物种的种子表现出一个较宽范围的发芽期，这增加了至少有一部分种子会在有良好的环境条件时期发芽的可能性。这对于要迁居到没有植被去改善极端气候和已具备气候多样性的地方的物种尤其重要。Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearanceand disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at

16、different stages in the lifehistory of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role indetermining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. The species that are firstto colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfull

17、y tonew sites. Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excludingother species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies adisturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subseq

18、uent stage may consist of plants with similar survivalrates but lower invasion rates.植物群落里的物种演替，意思就是说，物种出现和消失的时间顺序是依赖于在一个物种的生存史中发生在不同阶段的事件。入侵和生长比率的变化在决定演替模式中扮演着一个重要角色，尤其是在次级演替中。首先迁居到别处的物种都可以产出大量能够顺利分散到新地点的种子。像这些物种，一般都能迅速的生长和控制新区域，将那些入侵及生长水平更低的其他物种排除在外。因此率先占据受兵家必争之地的群落可能是由有着最高入侵性率的物种组成的，然而再后来阶段的群落可能就

19、由有着相似存活率较低入侵水平的植被组成了。托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, how doesdisturbance of a site influence its colonizationby a plant species?A.Disturbance reduces or eliminates competition byother species.B.Disturbance increases negative interactions with other organisms on the site.C.Disturbance prevents a pl

20、ant species from colonizing a new site.D.Disturbance reduces the fertility of a site.1.第1段第4句话，通过火灾和砍伐的干涉要么消除竞争对手要么降低竞争的强度。2.The word virtually in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.almost totally.B.unusually.C.consistently.D.unnaturally.2.virtually表示实际上，几乎, 程度上对应almost totally。3.Wh

21、y does the author mention a plowed field and a construction site in the passage?A.To argue that sites that have been affected by human activity tend to be colonized slowly.B.To illustrate the kind of sites that may be invaded by weeds.C.To contrast sites in terms of their suitability for colonizatio

22、n.D.To explain that exposing or compacting the soil results in successful colonization.3.第一段第5、6句话，肥沃的土地植物入侵的速度快，反之亦然。4.The word despite(paragraph 1) in the passage is closest in meaning toA.without.B.almost never.C.even though.D.perhaps.4.despite 尽管，对应even though 尽管/即使。5.Which of the sentences belo

23、w best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The seeds of pioneer species are usually carried by the wind to fertile sites, where theyreproduce very effic

24、iently.B.Pioneer species are successful invaders because they produce lots of seeds that aredispersed effectively.C.Pioneer species produce their largest numbers of propagules during the earliest stages oftheir colonization.D.Pioneer species reproduce very quickly and efficiently because they produc

25、e very largenumber of seeds.5.原句强调了先锋物种入侵速度快的两个原因，一是能够产生大量可繁殖的种子，二是拥有有效的传播途径。原句和fertile sites没有关系，A错;C没有提到种子的繁殖力; D没有提到传播途径，只有B满足原句的条件。6.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the reason that large seeds aredispersed by birds or small animals rather than by wind?A.Large seeds are easier for bir

26、ds and animals to see than are the small seeds dispersed by thewind.B.Large seeds are too heavy for the wind to disperse.C.Large seeds cannot be eaten by birds and animals.D.Large seeds are short-lived and thus require a more efficient means of dispersal than smallseeds do.6.第3段第2，3句：小种子通常靠风传播，大种子由鸟

27、和动物实现传播。7.The phrase the latter adaptation in the passage (paragraph 3) refers toA.producing fewer seeds.B.producing larger seeds.C.dispersal by birds and small mammals.D.producing long-lived seeds.7.the latter adaptation，后一种适应性，段落开头讲的是短命种子，所以后一种适应性是指长命种子。8.The word viable in the passage (paragraph

28、3) is closest in meaning toA.able to survive.B.individual.C.large.D.remaining.8.viable，有生命力的，对应A。9.The example of the 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in paragraphto illustrates which of the following ideas?A.It is uncommon for older seed to germinate.B.Pioneer species tend to prefer

29、forest floors for colonization purposes.C.Long-lived seeds of pioneer species can successfully germinate over long periods of time.D.Coastal British Columbia is particularly suited for pioneer species to develop.9.该例子的前一句话为观点句, 例子是为了说明观点，即长命种子在森林地面上很繁荣。10.According to paragraph 4, how do plants mana

30、ge to germinate in areas with greatclimatic diversity and climatic extremes?A.By producing seeds only during favorable climatic conditions.B.By generating large numbers of seeds.C.By colonizing only those areas where other plants have survived.D.By producing seeds that have a wide range of germinati

31、on dates.10.该段的第1句话，发芽时间的变化。11.The word abundant in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.new.B.improved.C.suitable.D.plentiful.11.abundant，表示丰富的，对应D。12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following determines the sequence inwhich plant species will colonize a site?A.The extent of g

32、rowth of a species on a prior site before it begins to colonize a secondarysite.B.The differences in invasion and growth rates across species.C.The degree of fertility of a site.D.The kind of disturbance that the site has undergone.12.该段第二句话，succession 对应colonize a site。13. Look at the four squares

33、that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? They require relatively littleprotection or nutrients.Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance anddisappearance of species is dependent on events occur

34、ring at different stages in the lifehistory of a species.【A】Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role indetermining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession.【B】The species that arefirst to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed

35、 successfullyto new sites.【C】Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites,excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community thatoccupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate ofinvasion, whereas the community

36、 of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similarsurvival rates but lower invasion rates.【D】13.they指代species. 原句说该物种的生存要求很低，就意味着他们更能存活，原句接下去可能阐述该物种如何靠着该优势来侵占土地繁殖。14. Prose SummaryThe ecology of a site is changed through its colonization by new plants that arrive andgrow there.A.The species

37、 that first colonize a disturbed site are typically ones that produce a largenumber of efficiently dispersed seeds.B.Plants that cannot successfully compete with other species can invade and colonize a siteonly if it is fertile and moist, such as a plowed field.C.Pioneer species arrive at a site fir

38、st but have lower survival rates than do species thatarrive later.D.Producing seeds that germinate at various times over long periods allows some plants tocolonize sites that only occasionally present the right conditions for growth.E.Large, long-lived seeds tend to result in large seed banks with s

39、hort germination periodsrequiring favorable environmental conditions for development.F.The successive appearance and disappearance of species on a site is a result of variationin species rates of invasion, growth, and survival.14.A选项: 对应第2段的核心意思，第2句话;B选项: 原文中没有明确说明的信息;C选项: 违背原文意思，第三段最后一句;D选项: 对应第4段的

40、核心意思;E选项: requiring favorable environmental conditions for development是原文中没有明确说明的信息;F选项: 对应第5段的核心意思。托福阅读TPO32第2篇:Siam,1851-1910In the late nineteenth century, political andsocial changes were occurring rapidly in Siam (nowThailand). The old ruling families were beingdisplaced by an evolving centrali

41、zed government.These families were pensioned off (given a sum ofmoney to live on) or simply had their revenues taken away or restricted; their sons wereenticed away to schools for district officers, later to be posted in some faraway province; andthe old patron-client relations that had bound togeth

42、er local societies simply disintegrated.Local rulers could no longer protect their relatives and attendants in legal cases, and with theending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, therulers no longer had a regular base for relations with rural popula

43、tions. The old local rulingfamilies, then, were severed from their traditional social context.在后十九世纪，政治和机经的转变很快出现在暹罗(现在的泰国)。同时老的家族正在被进化的中央集权的政府所取代。这些家庭被取消了抚恤金或仅仅拿走或限制他们的收入。他们的儿子被诱离学校成为新政权的人员，后来被告知去一些很远的省，并且老的赞助商客户关系和当地分解的社会有联系。在一些法律案例中当地的统治者不能保护他们的亲属和侍从。在 1905 年底被强迫的农民的练习是为了给当地的统治者做兼职。统治者与农村的人们不再有正常

44、的基本关系。当地的老的统治家族被断绝和农村和他们传统的社会环境。The same situation viewed from the perspective of the rural population is even morecomplex. According to the governments first census of the rural population, taken in 1905,there were about thirty thousand villages in Siam. This was probably a large increase over thef

45、igure even two or three decades earlier, during the late 1800s. It is difficult to imagine it now,but Siams Central Plain in the late 1800s was nowhere near as densely settled as it is today.There were still forests closely surrounding Bangkok into the last half of the nineteenth century,and even at

46、 centurys end there were wild elephants and tigers roaming the countryside only twenty or thirty miles away.同样的情况从农村人口的角度来看则更为复杂。根据政府的第一次农村人口的人口普查,1905 年,在暹罗大约有三万个村庄。这大量的增加可能出现在二三十年前，即 19 世纪末。现在很难想象,但是暹罗的中部在 1800 年代末远远没有像今天这么多人口定居。十九世纪下半叶，曼谷周围还有大片的森林，甚至在世纪末的时候，距离乡村二三十英里远的地方还有野生的大象和老虎。Much population

47、 movement involved the opening up of new lands for rice cultivation.Two things made this possible and encouraged it to happen. First, the opening of the kingdomto the full force of international trade by the Bowring Treaty (1855) rapidly encouragedeconomic specialization in the growing of rice, main

48、ly to feed the rice-deficient portions ofAsia (India and China in particular). The average annual volume of rice exported from Siamgrew from under 60 million kilograms per year in the late 1850s to more than 660 millionkilograms per year at the turn of the century; and over the same period the avera

49、ge price perkilogram doubled. During the same period, the area planted in rice increased from about230,000 acres to more than 350,000 acres. This growth was achieve as the result of thecollective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land theycultivated, clear and plant new land, or ado