材料力学公式.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流材料力学公式.精品文档.材 料 力 学一、应力与强度条件1、 拉压 2、 剪切 挤压 3、 圆轴扭转 4、 平面弯曲 斜弯曲 6、拉（压）弯组合 注意：“5”与“6”两式仅供参考7、圆轴弯扭组合：第三强度理论 第四强度理论 二、变形及刚度条件、 拉压 、 扭转 （）、 弯曲(1)积分法: (2)叠加法:=+， =(3)基本变形表(注意：以下各公式均指绝对值，使用时要根据具体情况赋予正负号) , (4)弹性变形能(注：以下只给出弯曲构件的变形能,并忽略剪力影响,其他变形与此相似,不予写出)=(5)卡氏第二定理(注：只给出线性弹性弯曲梁的公式)三

2、、应力状态与强度理论、 二向应力状态斜截面应力 、 二向应力状态极值正应力及所在截面方位角 、 二向应力状态的极值剪应力注：极值正应力所在截面与极值剪应力所在截面夹角为45、 三向应力状态的主应力：最大剪应力：5、二向应力状态的广义胡克定律（1）、表达形式之一（用应力表示应变） （2）、表达形式之二（用应变表示应力） 6、三向应力状态的广义胡克定律 7、强度理论（1） （2） 8、平面应力状态下的应变分析（1） （2） 四、压杆稳定 1、临界压力与临界应力公式（若把直杆分为三类）细长受压杆 中长受压杆 短粗受压杆 “”= 或 2、关于柔度的几个公式 3、惯性半径公式 （圆截面 ，矩形截面（b为

3、短边长度）五、动载荷（只给出冲击问题的有关公式）能量方程 冲击系数 （自由落体冲击） （水平冲击）六、截面几何性质1、 惯性矩（以下只给出公式，不注明截面的形状）= 2、惯性矩平移轴公式 图画作文模板1现象型现象现象现象意义现象观点2观点型观点观点审题目看图选择模板打第一段草稿描述图画阐述意义现象趋势建议措施原因分析举例说明有些词汇要有变化，比如少用picture 而用drawing观点型Indicated above is a vivid cartoon/caricature/graph/bar chart/photo that depicts _. Obviously ,_.But thi

4、s is the key message conveyed by the drawing .The most striking feature of drawing is that _is marked as both 名词 and 名词, which indicates that _.The sense of _,Gods greatest gift to mankind ,is universally considered the most valuable personality a man can possess. Everybody not only do sth ,but also

5、 should _. Numerous cases exist to illustrate how important_is.When_,sb will_. Or when _,sb will_. By doing so ,sb have done sth which is like_.现象型Indicated above is a vivid cartoon/caricature/graph/bar chart/photo that_.In the picture presented to us,_;on the contrary/ unexpectedly/ ironically/as a

6、 comparison, _. Consequently/Accordingly ,_.Obviously ,（好的现象）this is no flash in the pan /(坏的现象)this is a mirror of that society.In that mirror ,we can see that ,over the past couple of years, certain common and disturbing/alarming/exciting changes/phenomena have taken placed in the society and crea

7、ted serious concerns over the role of sth. Simple as the drawing is ,the author tends to convey a more profound meaning that has to be taken seriously .事物1 in the picture naturally reminds people of _,while 事物2 is usually associated with _.Thanks to/Due to原因1 and 原因2, 图画结果. Should this situation go

8、unleashed/continues ,as a famous professor says ,趋势一By the time,趋势二(1) It is imperative for us to take positive measures to put it on hold. For one thing,措施一;for another,措施二；still,措施三.Only in this way can we have a brigter future.(2) On the basis of analysis ,we can confidently predict that great ch

9、anges have taken place. This tendency ,will be going on in a exiting direction.(3) On the basis of analysis ,we can confidently conclude that _have posed tremendous threat to our life. This tendency will be going on in a disturbing direction.(4) Therefor ,it is high time that we took broad actions t

10、o put it on hold .As an old saying goes ,” Dont fix your roof on a rainy day.”图画作文1. 描述+深入理解+结语As vividly revealed in the drawing above,（描述）。Under the picture, there is a thought-provoking sentence:(原话翻译)It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our attention to the importance of_.As everyo

11、ne knows,_.Whats more,_. All the available analysis confirms a sound idea that we should_. Only in this way, can we_.(62)2. 描述+原因+办法As vividly revealed in the drawing above,（描述）。Under the picture, there is a thought-provoking sentence:(原话翻译)It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our atte

12、ntion to this most unfavorable phenomenon: (名词或句子)。There are numerous reasons why this happened, and I would like to o explore only a few of the most important ones here. First of all,(原因一)。 In addition, (原因二)。Last but not least, (原因三).If we dont take any effective measures， this phenomenon will get

13、 out of our control, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly. Therefore, what we should do falls into the following aspects: first,(Aspect 1). Second, (Aspect 2). Third, (Aspect 3). Only in this way, can we.(149)3. 描述+现象+办法 As vividly revealed in the drawing above,（描述）。Under the pictur

14、e, there is a thought-provoking sentence:(原话翻译).It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our attention to this most unfavorable phenomenon: (名词或句子)。First,(现象一)。 In addition, (现象二)。Last but not least, (现象三).If we dont take any effective measures， this phenomenon will get out of our control,

15、 and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly. Therefore, what we should do falls into the following aspects: first,(Aspect 1). Second, (Aspect 2). Third, (Aspect 3). Only in this way, can we.(124)4. 描述+利弊+结论As vividly revealed in the drawing above,（描述）。Under the picture, there is a thought

16、-provoking sentence:(原话翻译).It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our attention to this phenomenon: (名词或句子)。Along with the development of_, more and more_.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to_. Some people claim that_ has been playing an increasingly important role in our

17、 daily life and brought us a lot of benefits, but it has created some serious problems as well. They base their argument on the following three reasons: first,_. Second, _. Third, _. On the contrary, some other people argue that (观点2) for the following reasons. First, _. Second, _. Third, _.As far a

18、s I am concerned， I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. As a coin has two sides and _ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. All in all, We cannot live without_, but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(195)5.

19、描述+后果+办法 As vividly revealed in the drawing above,（描述）。Under the picture, there is a thought-provoking sentence:(原话翻译)It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our attention to this most unfavorable phenomenon: (名词或句子)。It might cause a lot of serious problems and I would like to explore onl

20、y a few of the most serious ones here. First,(原因一)。 In addition, (原因二)。Last but not least, (原因三).If we dont take any effective measures， this phenomenon will get out of our control, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly. Therefore, what we should do falls into the following aspects:

21、first,(Aspect 1). Second, (Aspect 2). Third, (Aspect 3). Only in this way, can we.(147)6. 描述+原因+后果+办法 As vividly revealed in the drawing above,（描述）。Under the picture, there is a thought-provoking sentence:(原话翻译)It is quite obvious that the drawer wishes to draw our attention to this most unfavorable

22、 phenomenon: (名词或句子)。There are numerous reasons why this happened, and I would like to explore only a few of the most important ones here. For one thing,(原因一)。 For another, (原因二)。Last but not least, (原因三).If we dont take any effective measures， this phenomenon will get out of our control, and some u

23、ndesirable problems may come out unexpectedly. First,(原因一)。 In addition, (原因二)。Finally, (原因三).From the analysis above, we can see how serious the problem will be if we let it go. Therefore, some effective measure must be taken urgently to prevent the problems. First,(Aspect 1). Second, (Aspect 2). T

24、hird, (Aspect 3). Only in this way, can we.(188)墨文博模板写 实P1 龙眼As is vividly(illustrated/depicted/conveyed/revealed/betrayed) in the picture, (图的内容the two pet neighbors greet each other politely and amicably ,whereas (while/on the other hand)the two pets owners seem to ignore between(each other) aloof

25、ly). Simple as it is, the drawing sets us段中句承上启下 pondering a awfully. Accordingly, much inspiration can be drawn from what this far-reaching/thought-provoking picture witness:(图反映的现实 pets, rather than/instead of people around them, are such an indispensable part in their daily life to the point wher

26、eto the point where加以讲解 they are excessively/inordinatelyexcessively/inordinately负面词汇 fond of their beloved animals while neglecting those who care them, which has aroused great concern and should be given enough consideration). It speaks volumes for the concept that (TS indifference should be ruled

27、 out, with harmonious society echoed vigorously nowadays in china.)批判：先扬后抑 歌颂：先抑后扬 图的内容 原则上用一个主从句表达, 功底。两句合一句的途经： 1、AND连结；2、WHICH或WHEREAS连结；3、非谓语to the point where加以讲解 excessively/inordinately负面词汇,作者的态度尽在不言中,回避使用 I believe ,I think 之类的句式TS + Background 0204: China is entry into WTO 05: Harmonious so

28、ciety 06: The honor and disgrace values 0711: Scientific development values-Human life and ecology system TS的语言组织 Weigh A against B-在A和B之间权衡利弊（against:在的背景下） Where 定从：具体 抽象 to the point where以至于 独主 with+S+V-ing/V-ed(主谓、动宾) Nothing + be + adj + than + to + do On no account can we It is time + S + V-e

29、d It 无主句 ought to be weighed/taken/pondered/seriously注意使用关联词，突出TSP2Why do we lay emphasis on thisthis指代词表过渡? Several pointspoints复数,总分总的标志()analyzed below might equip us with the profound message of what we are heading for.首句意为：下面所分析的几个要点对我们所面对的问题使我们有更深刻的理解 To begin with,to begin with，in addition，an

30、d above all为分述标志 since we have to live on an on-the-moveon-the-move，节奏明快的 lifestyle , we are denieddeny，剥夺，失去 chances to share our feelings with our friends and relatives. In addition, with so many dishonesties running around our society, the indifference happened in turn we have no choice but to en

31、joy the company of pets. And above all, too many tragedies as to the indifference-seeing someone in mortal danger without lifting a finger to save him-put on the stage of our daily life, which is threatening situation we are unwilling to face(此句仅用于负面评价). No better illustration of this view touched o

32、n above can be taken than the case as listed below: 再没有比下列所描述的事实更能说明上述所描述的观点了：(a crowd of people remained appallinglyappallingly，令人震惊的 nonchalancenonchalance=indifference,论据是论点的具体体现,主题核心词汇重复 to the plea of a mother, since she failed to offer the required amount of cashamount of cash，现金 as a price to

33、 save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death.) At the end of the day, no issue in china stands as critical to build up the society in harmony as ironing out of indifference among people.例证，举例：实例 引语 eg：As the famous saying goes: As many famous ecologists put it:as sb. put i

34、t，正如sb所说 数据 eg：According to the latest survey conducted by concerning department,根据有关部门最近的调查 论点的具体体现：RP原则小结 与TS首尾呼应,重复原则 为第三段起势Benard Show-No issue stands as critical to A as B.在没有比B对A更关键的了 在没有比B对A更关键的了P3Judging from what has been argued above, we have come to recognize that the harms arising from i

35、ndifference has been, like Pandoras boxPandoras box Aladdins lamp 前面加like，最好充当插入语, the crippling forceCrippling force阻碍力 Driving force推动力(东风) of establishing the harmony society. It is , therefore, inperative that some effective steps should be taken to(点主题 重复原则narrow and bridgeBridge，弥补 the gapGap=

36、Indifference among people.) On one hand, (依法治国the government should make law to set upSet up=Establish the society in which people live in harmony. )On the other hand, (依德治国 people should enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they were young. )Only by undergoingundergoingcarryin

37、g out these measures, can we make our society, where people, even not knowing each other, help among them, appeal to everyone.2010年作文理论篇2010年图文题A写实派主讲内容约3HAs is illustrated/depicted /conveyed/revealed/betrayed/shown in the picture, (图的内容 原则上用一个主从句表达, 功底.两句合一句的途经,1 AND连结2 WHICH或WHEREAS 连结3 非谓语 )the t

38、wo pet neighbors greet each other politely and amicably ,whereas (=WHILE/ON THE OTHER HAND)the two pets owners seem to ignore each other. Simple as it is, the drawing sets us thinking too much. (凑字数,其富余时,可省去)Accordingly, what this far-reaching/thought-provoking picture depicts is a common phenomenon

39、 in todays society,(反映的现实) pets, rather than/instead of people around them, are such an indispensable part in their daily life to the point where (加以讲解) they are excessively/inordinately(负面词汇,作者的态度尽在不言中,回避使用 I BELIVE,I THINK 之类的句式) fond of their beloved animals while neglecting those who care them,

40、which has aroused great concern and should be given enough consideration. There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning that (主题句,尽量避免使用1 主系表 2 THERE BE结构 主张使用下列句型,1 NOTHING+BE+ADJ+THAN+TO+DO 2 ON NO ACCOUNT CAN WE 3 IT IS TIME +S +V-ED 4 IT 无主句)it is imperative to clear up indifference among people a

41、gainst nowadays of vigorously championing cordial society ought to be weighed /taken/pondered seriously.Why do we lay emphasis on this(指代词表过渡) several points(名词复数,总分总的标志) analyzed below might equip us with the deeper understanding of what we are heading for. For one thing,(分述标志词) since we have to li

42、ve on an on-the-move lifestyle , we are denied chances to share our feelings with our friends and relatives. For another (分述标志词), with so many dishonesties going around in our life and then indifference occurring, we might have no choice but to enjoy the company of pets. And above all(分述标志词), too ma

43、ny tragedies - seeing someone in mortal danger without lifting a finger to save him- put on the stage in our daily life almost everyday, which is threatening situation we are unwilling to face(此句仅用于负面评价). No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the case as listed below,( 例证)a crowd o

44、f people remained appallingly nonchalance(=indifference,论据是论点的具体体现,主题核心词汇重复) to the plea of a mother, since she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. Consequently/Accordingly/On balance/Therefore/It follows t

45、hat, no issue in china is as basic to build up the society in harmony as growing out of indifference among people.(此句为小节,1 与TS首尾呼应,重复原则grow out of=clear up 2 为第三段起势)Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the harms of indifference has been the crippling force of establishing the harmony society. It is , therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to(点主题 重复原则) narrow and bridge the gap among people. To begin with,(以法治国) the government should make law to establish the society in which pe