遗传学相关词汇中英对照.docx

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1、遗传学相关词汇中英对照遗传学是一门学科，研究生物起源、进化与发育的基因和基因组构造、功能与演变及其规律等，是生物学的一个重要分支。学习啦我为大家整理了遗传学相关词汇中英对照，希望对你有帮助哦!遗传学相关词汇中英对照一：细胞遗传学cytogenetics细胞的遗传学cellgenetics体细胞遗传学somaticcellgenetics发育遗传学developmentalgenetics又称发生遗传学。微生物遗传学microbialgenetics细菌遗传学bacterialgenetics生化遗传学biochemicalgenetics分子遗传学moleculargenetics生物工程bi

2、otechnology分子细胞遗传学molecularcytogenetics植物遗传学plantgenetics动物遗传学animalgenetics生统遗传学biometricalgenetics统计遗传学statisticalgenetics数量遗传学quantitativegenetics群体遗传学populationgenetics进化遗传学evolutionarygenetics人类遗传学humangenetics医学遗传学medicalgenetics临床遗传学clinicalgenetics法医遗传学medico-legalgenetics,forensicgenetics病理

3、遗传学pathogenetics药物遗传学pharmacogenetics生理遗传学physiologicalgenetics免疫遗传学immunogenetics,immunologicalgenetics行为遗传学behavioralgenetics核遗传学karyogenetics辐射遗传学radiationgenetics毒理遗传学toxicologicalgenetics生态遗传学ecologicalgenetics,ecogenetics群落遗传学syngenetics优生学eugenics优型学euphenics优境学euthenics染色体学chromosomology,chr

4、omosomics染色体工程chromosomeengineering核学karyology,caryology核形态学karyomorphology核型分类学karyotaxonomy基因学讲genetheory多基因学讲polygenictheory孟德尔遗传定律Mendelslawofinheritance,Mendelslaws分离定律lawofsegregation独立分配定律lawofindependentassortment又称自由组合定律。生物伦理学bioethics讨论生物学研究工作中，如遗传工程，器官移植等所牵涉到的伦理问题。肤纹学dermatoglyphics突变学讲mu

5、tationtheory一基因一多肽假讲one-geneone-polypeptidehypothesis一基因一酶假讲one-geneone-enzymehypothesis遗传的染色体学讲chromosometheoryofinheritance穿插型假讲chiasmatypehypothesis断裂愈合假讲breakageandreunionhypothesis模板选择copychoice穿插单面讲one-planetheoryofchiasma穿插双面讲two-planetheoryofchiasma性染色体学讲sex-chromosometheory高尔顿定律Galtonslaw霍尔

6、丹法则Haldanesrule在杂种一代中，某一性别的个体稀少、缺乏或者不育,它们往往是异配性别。莱昂假讲Lyonhypothesis克隆选择学讲clonalselectiontheory摆动假讲wobblehypothesis遗传学相关词汇中英对照二：泛生讲theoryofpangenesis先成讲preformationtheory后成讲epigenesis灾变讲catastrophism生源讲biogenesis又称生物发生讲。非生源讲abiogenesis又称自然发生讲。多源发生讲polygenism屡次起源讲polychronism魏斯曼学讲Weissmannism拉马克学讲Lama

7、rckism起源中心学讲theoryofcenteroforigin新拉马克学讲neo-Lamarckism达尔文学讲Darwinism新达尔文学讲neo-Darwinism选择学讲selectiontheory中性选择学讲theoryofneutralselection竞争排挤原理competitiveexclusionprinciple两个有一样生态要求的种,由于不能在一样的小环境中和地理位置上共存,最终一个代替了另一个。超显性假讲overdominancehypothesis动态平衡讲shiftingbalancetheory中断平衡进化讲punctuatedequilibriumthe

8、ory物种恒定学讲theoryoffixityofspecies纯系讲purelinetheory原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote体质soma种质germplasm前核pronucleus成熟的卵或精子的核。生殖核germnucleus孤雌生殖parthenogenesis又称单性生殖。自发单性生殖autoparthenogenesis产雄单性生殖androgeneticparthenogenesis孤雄生殖patrogenesis无性生殖asexualreproduction半配生殖semigamy无配子生殖apogamy无融合生殖apomixis无融合结实apogam

9、ogony准性生殖parasexuality两性生殖bisexualreproduction自体受精self-fertilization,autofertilization双受精doublefertilization闭花受精cleistogamy未减数孢子生殖apomeiosis性决定sexdetermination性比sexratio性指数sexindex果蝇的性别决定于常染色体的套数和X染色体数之间的平衡。X染色体导致雌性趋势,常染色体导致雄性趋势。初级性比primarysexratio相对性别relativesexuality核性别nuclearsex同配性别homogameticsex

10、异配性别heterogameticsex纯合性别homozygoussex性逆转sexreversal间性intersex两性现象bisexuality核性别鉴定nuclearsexing超性supersex超雄super-male超雌super-female多雄性polyandry一卵多精现象。多雌性polygyny一精多核现象。传递transmission遗传heredity颗粒遗传particulateinheritance穿插遗传criss-crossinheritance优先遗传prepotency简单遗传simpleinheritance单亲遗传monolepsis父性遗传pate

11、rnalinheritance偏父遗传patroclinalinheritance限雄遗传holandricinheritance限雌遗传hologynicinheritance母体影响maternalinfluence母体遗传maternalinheritance偏母遗传matrocliny,matroclinalinheritance超亲遗传transgressiveinheritance多体遗传polysomicinheritance多因子遗传multifactorialinheritance染色体外遗传extrachromosomalinheritance核外遗传extranuclea

12、rinheritance细胞质遗传cytoplasmicinheritance非孟德尔遗传non-Mendelianinheritance延迟遗传delayedinheritance获得性状遗传inheritanceofacquiredcharacter混合遗传blendinginheritance遗传命名法geneticnomenclature核型karyotype,caryotype又称染色体组型。表型phenotype拟表型phenocopy又称表型模拟。基因型genotype拟基因型genocopy野生型wildtype性状character,trait孟德尔性状Mendelianch

13、aracter单基因性状monogeniccharacter单位性状unitcharacter相对性状relativecharacter,contrastcharacter隐性性状recessivecharacter性连锁性状sex-linkedcharacter又称伴性性状。限性性状sex-limitedcharacter从性性状sexinfluencedcharacter,sex-conditionedcharacter突变性状mutantcharacter获得性状acquiredcharacter显性dominance共显性codominance不完全显性incompletedomina

14、nce不规则显性irregulardominance镶嵌显性mosaicdominance假显性pseudodominance准显性quasidominance超显性superdominance,overdominance隐性recessiveness,recessive互引相couplingphase互斥相repulsionphase等位基因排挤allelicexclusion一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象。配子比gameticratio孟德尔比率Mendelianratio配对pairing染色体配对chromosomepairing同源性homology同源配对autosyndeti

15、cpairing异源配对heterogeneticpairing体细胞配对somaticpairing缺对性nullisomy分离segregation庞纳特方格Punnettsquare又称棋盘式。染色单体分离chromatidsegregation相邻分离adjacentsegregation相间分离alternatesegregation超亲分离transgressivesegregation优先分离preferentialsegregation又称偏向分离。分离落后segregationallag不分离nondisjunction染色体不分离chromosomenon-disjunct

16、ion合子后隔离post-zygoticisolation苯硫脲尝味试验phenylthiocarbamidetasting基因型比值genotypicratio基因剂量genedosage连锁linkage连锁值linkagevalue连锁群linkagegroupX连锁XlinkageY连锁Ylinkage完全连锁completelinkage平衡连锁balancedlinkage连锁不平衡linkagedisequilibrium线性排列lineararrangement同线性synteny交换crossingover交换值crossing-overvalue姐妹染色单体交换sister

17、chromatidexchange,SCE体细胞交换somaticcrossingover有丝分裂交换mitoticcrossover着丝粒交换centromericexchange,CME互相交换reciprocalinterchange染色体互换chromosomeinterchange双交换doublecrossingover,doubleexchange四线双交换fourstranddoublecrossingover不等交换unequalcrossingover重组节recombinationnodule重组recombination遗传重组geneticrecombination重

18、组频率recombinationfrequency基因间重组intergenicrecombination等位基因间重组interallelicrecombination染色体内重组intrachromosomalrecombination体细胞重组somaticrecombination细胞学图cytologicalmap染色体图chromosomemap核型图karyogram,caryogram核型形式图idiogram缺失作图deletionmapping又称缺失定位。连锁图linkagemap基因定位genemapping,genelocalization基因作图genemappin

19、g基因图谱genemap遗传学图geneticmap交换图crossing-overmap图距mapdistance突变距离mutationdistance遗传背景geneticbackground遗传体系geneticsystem生物的交配方式，如自交、异交，或兼具两种交配方式。遗传信息geneticinformation遗传标记geneticmarker遗传指纹geneticfingerprint又称基因指纹,DNA指纹.不同个体的DNA表现不同的限制酶片段长度多态性,这种限制酶片段的带型称为遗传指纹。遗传惰性geneticinertia遗传互补geneticcomplementation

20、遗传素质hereditarypredisposition遗传异质性geneticheterogeneity遗传单位hereditaryunit摩尔根单位morganunit遗传图距单位。厘摩centimorgan,cM遗传图距单位，等于1%的交换。作图函数mappingfunction又称定位函数。图距单位mapunit干预interference染色单体干预chromatidinterference并发系数coefficientofcoincidence等位性allelism,allelomorphism上位性epistasis基因多样性genediversity全能性totipotency

21、多效性pleiotropy,pleiotropism反响规范reactionnorm稳定位置效应stablepositioneffect花斑位置效应variegatedpositioneffect位置效应positioneffect表现度expressivity外显率penetrance不完全外显率incompletepenetrance显性致死dominantlethal隐性致死recessivelethal条件致死conditionallethal性连锁致死sex-linkedlethal又称伴性致死。平衡致死balancedlethal变异variation配子无性系变异gametoclonalvariation体细胞无性系变异somaclonalvariation