剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析.docx

《剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析.docx（52页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思浏览，下面我给大家共享剑桥雅思浏览8原文翻译及答案解析(test1)，希望对你们有用。剑桥雅思浏览8原文(test1)READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.AChronicleofTimekeepingOurconceptionoftimedependsonthewaywemeasureitAAccordingtoarchaeologicalevi

2、dence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,toplantheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulateplantingandharvesting.Theybasedtheircalendarsonthreenaturalcycles:thesolarday,markedbythesuccessiv

3、eperiodsoflightanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsaxis;thelunarmonth,followingthephasesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolaryear,definedbythechangingseasonsthataccompanyourplanetsrevolutionaroundthesun.BBeforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocialimpact.And,forthoselivingneartheequato

4、rinparticular,itswaxingandwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoftheseasons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,whereseasonalagriculturewaspractised,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.AstheRomanEmpireexpan

5、dednorthward,itorganiseditsactivitychartforthemostpartaroundthesolaryear.CCenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecialgroupsofstarscalleddecans.Attherise

6、ofthestarSiriusjustbeforesunrise,whichoccurredaroundtheall-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,12decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens.ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptiansplacedinthe12decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalofdarkness(andlater,eachintervalofdaylight)wasdividedintoadozenequalparts.Th

7、eseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbecausetheirdurationvariedaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingoftheseasons.Summerhourswerelong,winteronesshort;onlyatthespringandautumnequinoxeswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequal.Temporalhours,whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRoma

8、ns,whodisseminatedthemthroughEurope,remainedinuseformorethan2,500years.DInordertotracktemporalhoursduringtheday,inventorscreatedsundials,whichindicatetimebythelengthordirectionofthesunsshadow.Thesundialscounterpart,thewaterclock,wasdesignedtomeasuretemporalhoursatnight.Oneofthefirstwaterclockswasaba

9、sinwithasmallholenearthebottomthroughwhichthewaterdrippedout.Thefallingwaterleveldenotedthepassinghourasitdippedbelowhourlinesinscribedontheinnersurface.AlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenfreezingweatherofnorthernEurope.

10、ETheadventofthemechanicalclockmeantthatalthoughitcouldbeadjustedtomaintaintemporalhours,itwasnaturallysuitedtokeepingequalones.Withthese,however,arosethequestionofwhentobegincounting,andso,intheearly14thcentury,anumberofsystemsevolved.Theschemesthatdividedthedayinto24equalpartsvariedaccordingtothest

11、artofthecount:Italianhoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmiddayandgreatclockhours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,atmidnight.Eventuallytheseweresupersededbysmallclock,orFrench,hours,whichsplitthedayintotwo12-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.FTheearliestrecordedweight-

12、drivenmechanicalclockwasbuiltin1283inBedfordshireinEngland.Therevolutionaryaspectofthisnewtimekeeperwasneitherthedescendingweightthatprovideditsmotiveforcenorthegearwheels(whichhadbeenaroundforatleast1,300years)thattransferredthepower;itwasthepartcalledtheescapement.Intheearly1400scametheinventionof

13、thecoiledspringorfuseewhichmaintainedconstantforcetothegearwheelsofthetimekeeperdespitethechangingtensionofitsmainspring.Bythe16thcentury,apendulumclockhadbeendevised,butthependulumswunginalargearcandthuswasnotveryefficient.GToaddressthis,avariationontheoriginalescapementwasinventedin1670,inEngland.

14、Itwascalledtheanchorescapement,whichwasalever-baseddeviceshapedlikeashipsanchor.Themotionofapendulumrocksthisdevicesothatitcatchesandthenreleaseseachtoothoftheescapewheel,inturnallowingittoturnapreciseamount.Unliketheoriginalformusedinearlypendulumclocks,theanchorescapementpermittedthependulumtotrav

15、elinaverysmallarc.Moreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcasedesign,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.HToday,highlyaccuratetimekeepinginstrumentssetthebeatformostelectronicdevices.Nearlyallcomputerscontainaquartz-c

16、rystalclocktoregulatetheiroperation.Moreover,notonlydotimesignalsbeameddownfromGlobalPositioningSystemsatellitescalibratethefunctionsofprecisionnavigationequipment,theydosoaswellformobilephones,instantstock-tradingsystemsandnationwidepower-distributiongrids.Sointegralhavethesetime-basedtechnologiesb

17、ecometoday-to-dayexistencethatourdependencyonthemisrecognisedonlywhentheyfailtowork.Questions1-4ReadingPassage1haseightparagraphs,A-H.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.1adescriptionofanearlytimekeepinginventionaffectedbycoldtemperatur

18、es2anexplanationoftheimportanceofgeographyinthedevelopmentofthecalendarinfarmingcommunities3adescriptionoftheoriginsofthependulumclock4detailsofthesimultaneouseffortsofdifferentsocietiestocalculatetimeusinguniformhoursQuestions5-8Lookatthefollowingevents(Questions5-8)andthelistofnationalitiesbelow.M

19、atcheacheventwiththecorrectnationality,A-F.Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.5Theydevisedacivilcalendarinwhichthemonthswereequalinlength.6Theydividedthedayintotwoequalhalves.7Theydevelopedanewcabinetshapeforatypeoftimekeeper.8Theycreatedacalendartoorganisepubliceventsandworksched

20、ules.ListofNationalitiesABabyloniansBEgyptiansCGreeksDEnglishEGermansFFrenchQuestions9-13Labelthediagrambelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.图片10READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage

21、2onthefollowingpages.Questions14-19ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-G.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsAandC-Gfromthelistbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiDisobeyingFAAregulationsiiAviationdisasterpromptsactioniiiTwocoincidentaldevelopmentsivSettingal

22、titudezonesvAnoversimplifiedviewviControllingpilotslicencesviiDefiningairspacecategoriesviiiSettingrulestoweatherconditionsixTakingoffsafelyxFirststepstowardsATC14ParagraphAExampleAnswerParagraphBx15ParagraphC16ParagraphD17ParagraphE18ParagraphF19ParagraphGAIRTRAFFICCONTROLINTHEUSAAAnaccidentthatocc

23、urredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedState

24、s,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.BRudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglig

25、htswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.ThefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtodaysATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.CInthe19

26、40s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmericasairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresul

27、tedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilotsmarginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.DManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenationsairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.T

28、hisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.ETomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputinto

29、effect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.Cont

30、rolledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswantthepr

31、otectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.FTheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofI

32、nstrumentalFlightRules(IFR),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplanesinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.Howe

33、ver,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilotslicensethatmustalsobeheld.GControlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandn

34、otinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above

35、5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeot

36、hertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwi

37、thATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearanceisrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.Que

38、stions20-26DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes20-26onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis20TheFAAwascreatedasaresultoftheintroductionofthejetengine.21A

39、irTrafficControlstartedaftertheGrandCanyoncrashin1956.22BeaconsandflashinglightsarestillusedbyATCtoday.23SomeimprovementsweremadeinradiocommunicationduringWorldWarII.24ClassFairspaceisairspacewhichisbelow365mandnotnearairports.25AllaircraftinClassEairspacemustuseIFR.26ApilotenteringClassCairspaceisf

40、lyingoveranaverage-sizedcity.READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.TELEPATHYCanhumanbeingscommunicatebythoughtalone?Formorethanacenturytheissueoftelepathyhasdividedthescientificcommunity,andeventodayitstillsparksbittercontroversyamongtopacade

41、micsSincethe1970s,parapsychologistsatleadinguniversitiesandresearchinstitutesaroundtheworldhaveriskedthederisionofscepticalcolleaguesbyputtingthevariousclaimsfortelepathytothetestindozensofrigorousscientificstudies.Theresultsandtheirimplicationsaredividingeventheresearcherswhouncoveredthem.Someresea

42、rcherssaytheresultsconstitutecompellingevidencethattelepathyisgenuine.Otherparapsychologistsbelievethefieldisonthebrinkofcollapse,havingtriedtoproducedefinitivescientificproofandfailed.Scepticsandadvocatesalikedoconcurononeissue,however:thatthemostimpressiveevidencesofarhascomefromtheso-calledganzfe

43、ldexperiments,aGermantermthatmeanswholefield.Reportsoftelepathicexperienceshadbypeopleduringmeditationledparapsychologiststosuspectthattelepathymightinvolvesignalspassingbetweenpeoplethatweresofaintthattheywereusuallyswampedbynormalbrainactivity.Inthiscase,suchsignalsmightbemoreeasilydetectedbythose

44、experiencingmeditationliketranquillityinarelaxingwholefieldoflight,soundandwarmth.Theganzfeldexperimenttriestorecreatetheseconditionswithparticipantssittinginsoftrecliningchairsinasealedroom,listeningtorelaxingsoundswhiletheireyesarecoveredwithspecialfilterslettinginonlysoftpinklight.Inearlyganzfeld

45、experiments,thetelepathytestinvolvedidentificationofapicturechosenfromarandomselectionoffourtakenfromalargeimagebank.Theideawasthatapersonactingasasenderwouldattempttobeamtheimageovertothereceiverrelaxinginthesealedroom.Oncethesessionwasover,thispersonwasaskedtoidentifywhichofthefourimageshadbeenuse

46、d.Randomguessingwouldgiveahit-rateof25percent;iftelepathyisreal,however,thehit-ratewouldbehigher.In1982,theresultsfromthefirstganzfeldstudieswereanalysedbyoneofitspioneers,theAmericanparapsychologistCharlesHonorton.Theypointedtotypicalhit-ratesofbetterthan30percentasmalleffect,butonewhichstatistical

47、testssuggestedcouldnotbeputdowntochance.Theimplicationwasthattheganzfeldmethodhadrevealedrealevidencefortelepathy.Buttherewasacrucialflawinthisargumentoneroutinelyoverlookedinmoreconventionalareasofscience.Justbecausechancehadbeenruledoutasanexplanationdidnotprovetelepathymustexist;thereweremanyothe

48、rwaysofgettingpositiveresults.Theserangedfromsensoryleakagewherecluesaboutthepicturesaccidentallyreachthereceivertooutrightfraud.Inresponse,theresearchersissuedareviewofalltheganzfeldstudiesdoneupto1985toshowthat80percenthadfoundstatisticallysignificantevidence.However,theyalsoagreedthatthereweresti

49、lltoomanyproblemsintheexperimentswhichcouldleadtopositiveresults,andtheydrewupalistdemandingnewstandardsforfutureresearch.Afterthis,manyresearchersswitchedtoautoganzfeldtestsanautomatedvariantofthetechniquewhichusedcomputerstoperformmanyofthekeytaskssuchastherandomselectionofimages.Byminimisinghumaninvolvement,theideawastominimisetheriskofflawedresults.In1987,resultsfromhundredsofautoga