剑桥雅思浏览8原文翻译及答案(test4).docx

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1、剑桥雅思浏览8原文翻译及答案(test4)剑桥雅思浏览8原文翻译及答案(test4)为了帮助大家备考，学习啦我为大家整理采集了剑桥雅思浏览8真题：test4浏览原文，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能获得好成绩!剑桥雅思浏览8原文(test4)READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.Questions1-5ReadingPassage1hassixsections,A-F.Choosethecorr

2、ectheadingforsectionsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-ix,inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsITheinfluenceofMonbushoiiHelpinglesssuccessfulstudentsiiiThesuccessofcompulsoryeducationivResearchfindingsconcerningachievementsinmathsvThetypicalformatofamathslessonviComparativee

3、xpenditureonmathseducationviiThekeytoJapanesesuccessesinmathseducationixTheroleofhomeworkcorrectionExampleAnswerSectionAiv1SectionB2SectionC3SectionD4SectionE5SectionFLANDOFTHERISINGSUMAJapanhasasignificantlybetterrecordintermsofaveragemathematicalattainmentthanEnglandandWales.Largesampleinternation

4、alcomparisonsofpupilsattainmentssincethe1960shaveestablishedthatnotonlydidJapanesepupilsatage13havebetterscoresofaverageattainment,buttherewasalsoalargerproportionoflowattainersinEngland,where,incidentally,thevariationinattainmentscoreswasmuchgreater.ThepercentageofGrossNationalProductspentoneducati

5、onisreasonablysimilarinthetwocountries,sohowisthishigherandmoreconsistentattainmentinmathsachieved?BLowersecondaryschoolsinJapancoverthreeschoolyears,fromtheseventhgrade(age13)totheninthgrade(age15).Virtuallyallpupilsatthisstageattendstateschools:only3percentareintheprivatesector.Schoolsareusuallymo

6、dernindesign,setwellbackfromtheroadandspaciousinside.Classroomsarelargeandpupilssitatsingledesksinrows.Lessonslastforastandardised50minutesandarealwaysfollowedbya10-minutebreak,whichgivesthepupilsachancetoletoffsteam.Teachersbeginwithaformaladdressandmutualbowing,andthenconcentrateonwhole-classteach

7、ing.Classesarelargeusuallyabout40andareunstreamed.Pupilsstayinthesameclassforalllessonsthroughouttheschoolanddevelopconsiderableclassidentityandloyalty.Pupilsattendtheschoolintheirownneighbourhood,whichintheoryremovesrankingbyschool.InpracticeinTokyo,becauseoftherelativeconcentrationofschools,therei

8、ssomecompetitiontogetintothebetterschoolinaparticulararea.CTraditionalwaysofteachingformthebasisofthelessonandtheremarkablyquietclassestaketheirownnotesofthepointsmadeandtheexamplesdemonstrated.Everyonehastheirowncopyofthetextbooksuppliedbythecentraleducationauthority,Monbusho,aspartoftheconceptoffr

9、eecompulsoryeducationuptotheageof15.Thesetextbooksare,onthewhole,small,presumablyinexpensivetoproduce,butwellsetoutandlogicallydeveloped.(Oneteacherwasparticularlykeentointroducecolourandpicturesintomathstextbooks:hefeltthiswouldmakethemmoreaccessibletopupilsbroughtupinacartoonculture.)Besidesapprov

10、ingtextbooks,Monbushoalsodecidesthehighlycentralisednationalcurriculumandhowitistobedelivered.DLessonsallfollowthesamepattern.Atthebeginning,thepupilsputsolutionstothehomeworkontheboard,thentheteacherscomment,correctorelaborateasnecessary.Pupilsmarktheirownhomework:thisisanimportantprincipleinJapane

11、seschoolingasitenablespupilstoseewhereandwhytheymadeamistake,sothatthesecanbeavoidedinfuture.Noonemindsmistakesorignoranceaslongasyouarepreparedtolearnfromthem.Afterthehomeworkhasbeendiscussed,theteacherexplainsthetopicofthelesson,slowlyandwithalotofrepetitionandelaboration.Examplesaredemonstratedon

12、theboard;questionsfromthetextbookareworkedthroughfirstwiththeclass,andthentheclassissetquestionsfromthetextbooktodoindividually.Onlyrarelyaresupplementaryworksheetsdistributedinamathsclass.Theimpressionisthatthelogicalnatureofthetextbooksandtheircomprehensivecoverageofdifferenttypesofexamples,combin

13、edwiththerelativehomogeneityoftheclass,rendersworksheetsunnecessary.Atthispoint,theteacherwouldcirculateandmakesurethatallthepupilswerecopingwell.EItisremarkablethatlarge,mixed-abilityclassescouldbekepttogetherformathsthroughoutalltheircompulsoryschoolingfrom6to15.Teacherssaythattheygiveindividualhe

14、lpattheendofalessonorafterschool,settingextraworkifnecessary.Inobservedlessons,anystrugglerswouldbeassistedbytheteacherorquietlyseekhelpfromtheirneighbour.Carefullyfosteredclassidentitymakespupilskeentohelpeachotheranyway,itisintheirinterestssincetheclassprogressestogether.Thisscarcelyseemsadequateh

15、elptoenableslowlearnerstokeepup.However,theJapaneseattitudetowardseducationrunsalongthelinesofifyouworkhardenough,youcandoalmostanything.Parentsarekeptcloselyinformedoftheirchildrensprogressandwillplayapartinhelpingtheirchildrentokeepupwithclass,sendingthemtoJuku(privateeveningtuition)ifextrahelpisn

16、eededandencouragingthemtoworkharder.Itseemstowork,atleastfor95percentoftheschoolpopulation.FSowhatarethemajorcontributingfactorsinthesuccessofmathsteaching?Clearly,attitudesareimportant.EducationisvaluedgreatlyinJapaneseculture;mathsisrecognisedasanimportantcompulsorysubjectthroughoutschooling;andth

17、eemphasisisonhardworkcoupledwithafocusonaccuracy.Otherrelevantpointsrelatetothesupportiveattitudeofaclasstowardsslowerpupils,thelackofcompetitionwithinaclass,andthepositiveemphasisonlearningforoneselfandimprovingonesownstandard.Andtheviewofrepetitivelyboringlessonsandlearningthefactsbyheart,whichiss

18、ometimesquotedinrelationtoJapaneseclasses,maybeunfairandunjustified.Nopoormathslessonswereobserved.Theyweremainlygoodandoneortwowereinspirational.Questions6-9DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?Inboxes6-9onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsof

19、thewriterNOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis6ThereisawiderrangeofachievementamongstEnglishpupilsstudyingmathsthanamongsttheirJapanesecounterparts.7ThepercentageofGrossNationalProductspentoneducationgenerallyreflectsthelevelofattain

20、mentinmathematics.8PrivateschoolsinJapanaremoremodernandspaciousthanstate-runlowersecondaryschools.9TeachersmarkhomeworkinJapaneseschools.Questions10-13Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.10MathstextbooksinJapaneseschoolsareAcheapforpupilstobuyBwellorga

21、nizedandadaptedtotheneedsofthepupils.CwrittentobeusedinconjunctionwithTVprogrammes.DnotverypopularwithmanyJapaneseteachers.11Whenanewmathstopicisintroduced，Astudentsanswerquestionsontheboard.Bstudentsrelyentirelyonthetextbook.Citiscarefullyandpatientlyexplainedtothestudents.Ditisusualforstudentstous

22、eextraworksheets.12Howdoschoolsdealwithstudentswhoexperiencedifficulties?ATheyaregivenappropriatesupplementarytuition.BTheyareencouragedtocopyfromotherpupils.CTheyareforcedtoexplaintheirslowprogress.DTheyareplacedinamixed-abilityclass.13WhydoJapanesestudentstendtoachieverelativelyhighratesofsuccessi

23、nmaths?AItisacompulsorysubjectinJapan.BTheyareusedtoworkingwithouthelpfromothers.CMucheffortismadeandcorrectanswersareemphasized.Dthereisastrongemphasisonrepetitivelearning.READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.BiologicalcontrolofpestsThecont

24、inuousandrecklessuseofsyntheticchemicalsforthecontrolofpestswhichposeathreattoagriculturalcropsandhumanhealthisprovingtobecounter-productive.Apartfromengenderingwidespreadecologicaldisorders,pesticideshavecontributedtotheemergenceofanewbreedofchemical-resistant,highlylethalsuperbugs.Accordingtoarece

25、ntstudybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganisation(FAO),morethan300speciesofagriculturalpestshavedevelopedresistancetoawiderangeofpotentchemicals.Nottobeleftbehindarethedisease-spreadingpests,about100speciesofwhichhavebecomeimmunetoavarietyofinsecticidesnowinuse.Oneglaringdisadvantageofpesticidesapplication

26、isthat,whiledestroyingharmfulpests,theyalsowipeoutmanyusefulnon-targetedorganisms,whichkeepthegrowthofthepestpopulationincheck.Thisresultsinwhatagroecologistscallthetreadmillsyndrome.Becauseoftheirtremendousbreedingpotentialandgeneticdiversity,manypestsareknowntowithstandsyntheticchemicalsandbearoff

27、springwithabuilt-inresistancetopesticides.ThehavocthatthetreadmillsyndromecanbringaboutiswellillustratedbywhathappenedtocottonfarmersinCentralAmerica.Intheearly1940s,baskinginthegloryofchemical-basedintensiveagriculture,thefarmersavidlytooktopesticidesasasuremeasuretoboostcropyield.Theinsecticidewas

28、appliedeighttimesayearinthemid-1940s,risingto28inaseasoninthemid-1950s,followingthesuddenproliferationofthreenewvarietiesofchemical-resistantpests.Bythemid-1960s,thesituationtookanalarmingturnwiththeoutbreakoffourmorenewpests,necessitatingpesticidesprayingtosuchanextentthat50%ofthefinancialoutlayonc

29、ottonproductionwasaccountedforbypesticides.Intheearly1970s,thesprayingfrequentlyreached70timesaseasonasthefarmerswerepushedtothewallbytheinvasionofgeneticallystrongerinsectspecies.Mostofthepesticidesinthemarkettodayremaininadequatelytestedforpropertiesthatcausecancerandmutationsaswellasforotheradver

30、seeffectsonhealth,saysastudybyUnitedStatesenvironmentalagencies.TheUnitedStatesNationalResourceDefenseCouncilhasfoundthatDDTwasthemostpopularofalonglistofdangerouschemicalsinuse.Inthefaceoftheescalatingperilsfromindiscriminateapplicationsofpesticides,amoreeffectiveandecologicallysoundstrategyofbiolo

31、gicalcontrol,involvingtheselectiveuseofnaturalenemiesofthepestpopulation,isfastgainingpopularitythough,asyet,itisanewfieldwithlimitedpotential.Theadvantageofbiologicalcontrolincontrasttoothermethodsisthatitprovidesarelativelylow-cost,perpetualcontrolsystemwithaminimumofdetrimentalside-effects.Whenha

32、ndledbyexperts,bio-controlissafe,non-pollutingandself-dispersing.TheCommonwealthInstituteofBiologicalControl(CIBC)inBangalore,withitsglobalnetworkofresearchlaboratoriesandfieldstations,isoneofthemostactive,non-commercialresearchagenciesengagedinpestcontrolbysettingnaturalpredatorsagainstparasites.CI

33、BCalsoservesasaclearing-housefortheexportandimportofbiologicalagentsforpestcontrolworld-wide.CIBCsuccessfullyusedaseed-feedingweevil,nativetoMexico,tocontroltheobnoxiouspartheniumweed,knowntoexertdeviousinfluenceonagricultureandhumanhealthinbothIndiaandAustralia.SimilarlytheHyderabad-basedRegionalRe

34、searchLaboratory(RRL),supportedbyCIBC,isnowtryingoutanArgentinianweevilfortheeradicationofwaterhyacinth,anotherdangerousweed,whichhasbecomeanuisanceinmanypartsoftheworld.AccordingtoMrsKaiserJamilofRRL,TheArgentinianweevildoesnotattackanyotherplantandapairofadultbugscoulddestroytheweedin4-5days.CIBCi

35、salsoperfectingthetechniqueforbreedingparasitesthatpreyondisapenescaleinsectsnotoriousdefoliantsoffruittreesintheUSandIndia.Howeffectivelybiologicalcontrolcanbepressedintoserviceisprovedbythefollowingexamples.Inthelate1960s,whenSriLankasflourishingcoconutgroveswereplaguedbyleaf-mininghispides,alarva

36、lparasiteimportedfromSingaporebroughtthepestundercontrol.AnaturalpredatorindigenoustoIndia,Neodumetiasangawani,wasfoundusefulincontrollingtheRhodesgrass-scaleinsectthatwasdevouringforagegrassinmanypartsoftheUS.ByusingNeochetinabruci,abeetlenativetoBrazil,scientistsatKeralaAgriculturalUniversityfreed

37、a12-kilometre-longcanalfromtheclutchesoftheweedSalviniamolesta,popularlycalledAfricanPayalinKerala.About30,000hectaresofricefieldsinKeralaareinfestedbythisweed.Questions14-17Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes14-17onyouranswersheet.14TheuseofpesticideshascontributedtoAachan

38、geinthewayecologiesareclassifiedbyagroecologists.Banimbalanceinmanyecologiesaroundtheworld.Cthepreventionofecologicaldisastersinsomepartsofthetheworld.Danincreaseintherangeofecologieswhichcanbeusefullyfarmed.15TheFoodandAgricultureOrganisationhascountedmorethan300agriculturalpestswhichAarenolongerre

39、spondingtomostpesticidesinuse.Bcanbeeasilycontrolledthroughtheuseofpesticides.Ccontinuetospreaddiseaseinawiderangeofcrops.Dmaybeusedaspartofbio-controlsreplacementofpesticides.16CottonfarmersinCentralAmericabegantousepesticidesAbecauseofanintensivegovernmentadvertisingcampaign.Binresponsetotheappear

40、anceofnewvarietiesofpest.Casaresultofchangesintheseasonsandtheclimate.Dtoensuremorecottonwasharvestedfromeachcrop.17Bythemid-1960s,cottonfarmersinCentralAmericafoundthatpesticidesAwerewipingout50%ofthepestsplaguingthecrops.Bweredestroying50%ofthecroptheyweremeanttoprotect.Cwerecausinga50%increaseint

41、henumberofnewpestsreported.Dwerecosting50%ofthetotalamounttheyspentontheircrops.Questions18-21DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?Inboxes18-21onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriterNoifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNOTGIV

42、ENifitimpossibletosaywhatthewritethinksaboutthis18Disease-spreadingpestsrespondmorequicklytopesticidesthanagriculturalpestsdo.19Anumberofpestsarenowbornwithaninnateimmunitytosomepesticides.20Biologicalcontrolentailsusingsyntheticchemicalstotryandchangethegeneticmake-upofthepestsoffspring.21Bio-contr

43、olisfreefromdangerundercertaincircumstances.Questions22-26Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-I,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-I,inboxes22-26onyouranswersheet.22Disapenescaleinsectsfeedon23Neodumetiasangawaniate24Leaf-mininghispidesblighted25AnArgentinianweevilmaybesuccessfulinwipingout26Salvi

44、niamolestaplaguesAforagegrass.Bricefields.Ccoconuttrees.Dfruittrees.Ewaterhyacinth.Fpartheniumweed.GBrazilianbeetles.Hgrass-scaleinsects.Ilarvalparasites.READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.CollectingAntSpecimensCollectingantscanbeassimplea

45、spickingupstrayonesandplacingtheminaglassjar,orascomplicatedascompletinganexhaustivesurveyofallspeciespresentinanareaandestimatingtheirrelativeabundances.Theexactmethodusedwilldependonthefinalpurposeofthecollections.Fortaxonomy,orclassification,longseries,fromasinglenest,whichcontainallcastes(worker

46、s,includingmajorsandminors,and,ifpresent,queensandmales)aredesirable,toallowthedeterminationofvariationwithinspecies.Forecologicalstudies,themostimportantfactoriscollectingidentifiablesamplesofasmanyofthedifferentspeciespresentaspossible.Unfortunately,thesemethodsarenotalwayscompatible.Thetaxonomist

47、sometimesoverlookswholespeciesinfavourofthosegroupscurrentlyunderstudy,whiletheecologistoftencollectsonlyalimitednumberofspecimensofeachspecies,thusreducingtheirvaluefortaxonomicinvestigations.Tocollectaswidearangeofspeciesaspossible,severalmethodsmustbeused.Theseincludehandcollecting,usingbaitstoat

48、tracttheants,groundlittersampling,andtheuseofpitfalltraps.Handcollectingconsistsofsearchingforantseverywheretheyarelikelytooccur.Thisincludesontheground,underrocks,logsorotherobjectsontheground,inrottenwoodonthegroundorontrees,invegetation,ontreetrunksandunderbark.Whenpossible,collectionsshouldbemadefromnestsorforagingcolumnsandatleast20to25individualscollected.Thiswillensurethatallindividualsareofthesamespecies,andsoincreasetheirvaluefordetailedstudies.Sincesomespeciesarelargelynocturnal,collectingshouldnotbeconfinedtodaytime.Specimensarecollectedusinganaspirator(oftencalledapooter),force