(完整word版)大学英语写作教程重点.pdf

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1、1.段落解释：A paragraphparagraph is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units ofthought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions2.A A goodgood paragraphparagraph is is composedcomposed 组成组成 inin suchsuch a a wayway thatthat it it hashas:unityunityeachs

2、entence relates to a main idea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicsentence;coherencecoherencethe sentences are tied each other and to the main idea,they flowsmoothly;completenesscompletenessit explores the main idea explicitly and concretely,withplenty of details,examples,and expl

3、anations3.第一个写作常识An effective paragraphAn effective paragraph has sound internal structure.The qualities thatindicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致 AnAn excellentexcellent wayway of achieving unity is by means of the topicsentence.Properly used,the topic se

4、ntence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain thepoint he is trying to establish5.标题句 The topic sentenceThe topic sentence 作用 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unityin the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence; the topic sentenceis an emphatically placed,exp

5、licit statement of the central idea in a paragraph6.第二个写作常识怎样写好标题句怎样写好标题句In short,a good topic sentence has a limitedsubject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.Atopic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.Atopic s

6、entence that is too narrow leaves little to be said in the rest of the paragraph.7.CoherenceCoherence: 连贯 coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is onein which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole thatallows the reader to follow the writers t

7、rain of thought step by step8第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentences help readers follow our ideas,other signalsalso help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,lookfor the areas that seem choppy or unconnectedthat lack coherence.We can establishbetter coherence by using the fo

8、llowing devices:pronoun reference,repetitionrepetition,andtransitional words and phrasestransitional words and phrases9.Completeness9.Completeness 内容完整性内容完整性Completeness in a paragraph means that the topic isadequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that ther

9、eader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1 1 第四个写作常识：第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph tomake the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity unity andcoherencecoherence between skillful development helps

10、 us to stick to our subject subject and focus focus and tokeep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念归纳法概念) )：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductivepattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads theminto valid genera

11、lization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念演绎法概念) )：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductivepattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds withspecific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive

12、-deductive4Inductive-deductive Pattern(Pattern(归纳演绎法归纳演绎法) )：As the name indicates, in developing aparagraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particularinstances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance.5 5 第五个写作常识第五个写作常识 ：Seq

13、uences of development are not independent of types ofdevelopment. The most important sequences of development are general to particular,particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序层递顺序) )：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or high

14、estpoint of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, thetopic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序时间顺序) ):A chronological sequence is one in which earlierthings precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur

15、 in time. Themost obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story.8Spatial Sequence (8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序空间顺序) )： A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types.It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, fromone place to anoth

16、er.9 9 第六个写作常识第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea issupported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.1010 段落展开方式段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development aredevelopment by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classif

17、ication and partition,cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development11Development byby ComparisonComparison andand ContrastContrast ( (比较和对比比较和对比) )：a comparison showshow two or more things are alike;a contrast shows how they are different.12Development12Development byby DivisionD

18、ivision andand ClassificationClassification ( (分类法和归类法分类法和归类法 ) )：Dividing andclassifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with awhole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When weclassify, we begin with many small observatio

19、ns and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.1313 第七个写作常识第七个写作常识 ：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effectrelationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguishamong three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.1414

20、第八个写作常识第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intendedmeaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definitionand extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to,and the details that distinguish it

21、from other items in its class.1515 第九个写作常识第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than onetype of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations.The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from onekind of d

22、evelopment to another in the middle of a paragraph.1616第十个写作常识第十个写作常识： The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. Theintroduction should agree in tone tone and stylestyle with the rest of the essay. It should be a naturalpart of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.