托福写作解读考试中的常见错误.doc

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1、托福写作解读考试中的常见错误为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，小编给大家整理一些托福写作小知识，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福写作解读考试中的常见错误1.用词不当学生们写的作文里或多或少都会有一些用词不当的问题，但是要注意的是一些最最基本的错误是不能犯的。In the show, if participators answer twenty problems that the host mentioned correctly, they will get five hundreds thousand U.S. dollars as a prize.problems应改为questions

2、2.拼写错误这里的拼写错误不是指在考试时候的误打，而是本身对词汇拼写记忆的错误。In conclusion, issue of whether parents are the best teachers is a complex one, requiring subjective judgement, consequently, there are no easy or certain answers.judgement应改为judgment3.乱用大词First of all, children can earn money from their jobs, although there i

3、snt too much, but they will keep their salary gingerliness.这里的gingerliness根本是不知所云。该句子还有以下问题：1)该作文题目是讲学生是否应该做兼职，因此children的出现就显得很莫名其妙;2)although和but是不能连用的;3)指代不明，they不知道是指代前面的什么;4.表达中式The second argument-it might have been noticed by others-is that in some occasion, it is quite difficult to compare p

4、arents to teachers because parents are a kind of people, teachers are a kind of vocation.句子中划线部分的表达过于中式化。托福写作词语运用的原则一。“言简朴实原则”“言简朴实原则”意思是行文主张不写啰嗦或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy)，句子应该越短越好，一句能用两个字，绝不多加一个。例如：At this point in time， we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)这句话中“At this point in ti

5、me”表示“现在”，我们完全可以用now来代替。Despite the fact that my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。(虽然我的英语不好，但我不灰心。) 这句话中despite the fact tha t= although = though，因此我们完全可以改成Although my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。In the majority of cases， he likes to ride bike to the office. (他通常喜欢骑单

6、车到办公室)。很简单的一句话，完全可以写成 He usually likes to ride bike to the office。平时我们所说的用词多样化和地道并不是体现在这些时间副词或者是完全可以简化的啰嗦句型上，而是指实用性极强的词如动词和形容词，比如：Original： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other peoples feelings and learn to be kind。Revised： Solving tri

7、vial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other peoples feelings and learn to be considerate。add，kind表达的含义都比较宽泛。add可以指数量上的增加，也可以指程度的加强，对于“丰富经验、增加知识”这个意思，用enrich会使表达更准确。kind从字面意义上讲是“好的、善良的”，用kind来形容人无法具体地表现出一个人的性格特征到底怎样，原句中是想表达“考虑周到、体贴入微”的特点，要准确表达这个含义应选择c

8、onsiderate。另外，我们常见的一些累赘用词表现在句意的理解上，比如：He has had many years of (actual) experience in business. (他有多年经商的经验) actual是多余的，因为experience已经有actual的意味了。We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio. (我们装好收音机的零件)assemble本身就有together的意思，因此together是多余的。此外还有，in reference to=about; draw to close=end; at a

9、n early date=soon等。二。“平等相处原则”“平等相处原则”的意思是行文不出现明显的带歧视或偏见的字眼，包括男女性别，也要避免区别，以示“平等”。例如：Many businessmen(businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful. (许多商人觉得工作压力很大)这句话写businessmen或是businesswomen都是不妥当的，可以改为business people或business executives或business managers就可以包括男女了。Policemen (policewomen) should t

10、reat citizens with courtesy。(警察对人民应该有礼貌)假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes。(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant，就能包括男女空中服务员。其他的如把salesman或saleswoman改为salesperson;把mailman改为mail carrier或postal work

11、er;把foreman改为supervisor等。当然，一些带有种族偏见的字眼，甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur)，也要尽量避免使用，以免闹出麻烦。例如：对黑人不要用 Negro，更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以)，礼貌的说法是Afro-American 或 African-American;对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字)，正确用法是 Caucasian，或 white people;对犹太人不要用 Hymies，应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;对越南人不要用 Gook，要用 Vietnamese;至于墨西哥人

12、、西班牙人及中、南美洲人，包括 Puerto Rico，正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins，不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化，倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。还有黑白结婚的孩子，也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼干外面是巧克力，里面是白奶油)。当然对于一些很不礼貌的老外叫我们中国人Chink 或 Chinaman，而不是Chinese的时候，话说“君子不与小人斗”，我们可以不理(ignore)或是走开(walk away)，尽量避免冲突。托福写作话题的练习1)请着重关注07.06-07.12月这段未考过的机经。(附录中没有划横线的题)2)北美前一天如有考试的机经。如果考旧

13、题，这些题可能性较大。如果考新题，祝大家好运!(1)1.13Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.(2)1.14是否要在繁忙时间对繁忙路段课税(3)1.19 Agree or disagree: Most people often let others make decisions for them

14、 rather than make decisions by themselves.(4)1.26speaking important or writing important?(5)2.3看电视比看书学的多(6)3.3Because people are too busy doing many things，they can do few things well.(7)3.4intoday s world, the ability to cooperate well with others is more important than before. Agree or not(8)3.10老

15、师给学生自信比教专门知识更重要(9)3.23你喜欢看严肃题材的电影还是商业题材的电影?(10)4.21电影和电视movies and television对年轻人的行为方式the way young people behavior主要是消极的影响。给出理由。(11)4.29there are so many events happening everyday in the world, we don t have to know(12)5.18It is better to spend money on something that lasts for a long time, such as

16、 an expensive piece of jewelry or spend on something that provides a short-term pleasure such as a vacation?(13)5.19教师是否应该获得跟doctors,lawyers,business leaders一样的收入(14)6.920years from now, people will have more leisure time(15)6.16Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Parents find it

17、hard to control their children for the children are now influenced by many things outside home like television or movie.(16)6.24Do you prefer to finish a project completely then to another one or do two or several projects at a time?(17)6.30 letting a friends make a mistake is better than saying or

18、doing something that may destroy your friendship.(18)7.7university students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not part of the field of the study.(19)7.14To truly understand world event, we should get our news from newspaper; television cannot provide enough informatio

19、n.(20)7.21Modern society has become more complex, so it is essential for the young people to have the ability to plan and organize.(21)7.28Inuniversity students should take the history courses no matter what field they study.(22)8.4Agree or disagree: The next twenty years from now on, students will

20、not use printed books any more.(23)8.11The only effective way to encourage energy conservation is by increasing prices of gasoline and electricity. Do you agree or disagree?(24)8.17Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The advice you take from the friends who are older than you is v

21、aluable than that taken form. the friends at your age(25)8.25Do you agree or disagree: Schools should not pay so much attention to general objects but should help students prepare for specific careers and jobs.(26)9.8 Ateachers ability to relate with the students is more important than have sufficie

22、nt knowledge being taught.(27) 9.15working together is better than working alone. Do you agree or disagree?(28)9.22Do you agree or disagree：The extended family (grandparents, aunt, uncle, cousins) is less important than it was before?(29) 9.29when relaxing, some people like to spend time alone. What

23、 s your opinion?(30) 10.17大学应不应该要求所有的学生都学习学习除了本国文化以外的文化?(31)10.20Some people think ones working is more important than being with ones family, do you agree?(32)10.27研究动物有没有对认识human nature有帮助(33)11.3有很多钱不工作的人都不快乐，你支持否(34) 11.11 Advertisements make products seem better than they are. Do you agree or d

24、isagree?(35) 11.24 People will spend less time in cooking and preparing food in 20 years later. Do you agree or disagree?(36) 12.1 People should not pay for the public transportation. Do you agree or disagree?(37) 12.8Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Advertisements are a waste o

25、f company s money and energy because consumers know what they want to buy.(38)12.10咱们的生活生活比父辈的生活easier and more comfortable(39) 12.15该重视学习concepts ideas呢，还是重视学习facts呢?托福写作如何使用万金油“万金油”要用得妙写一篇托福作文就如同做一盘菜，如何要将其做的色香味俱全，就靠厨子的功夫了。参考北京新东方戴云老师提出的三个“万能理由”：Career preparation/increase knowledge/new experiences

26、以及分为10类的“万金油”：健康和安全、便利、经济、交流 、幸福和情感、成功、环保、品格、科技、教育与培训、国家与文明，这十类几乎涵盖了我们在进行文章论述时所能涉及的全部范围。所以如果能够将这些“万金油”用好，用熟，就能达到事半功倍的效果。“万金油”是油，要用，还要活用在托福考试时，首先是时间紧。要在半小时内完成400字左右的文章;其次，在很短时间内要根据题目想出几条支持自己论点的理由，并将其有序地组织起来，构成文章，而且还要做到语言地道。所以考生很容易手忙脚乱。所以为了避免这种情况的发生，让考生在短时间内完成一篇高质量的文章，把这盘菜做好，就需要“万金油”出场了。要做菜，油是必不可少的。同样

27、，在托福作文中，也一定会用到“万金油”。用的时候切忌生搬硬套，要灵活运用。在有限的时间内，在确立了我们要写的中心论点之后，就要想出几个分论点，这时可以通过“万金油”来帮助我们节省时间，迅速定位，快速进入写作状态。比如：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays, people are putting too much emphasis on appearance and fashion. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.解这道题目

28、，首先从自己出发，怎么好写，怎么容易写，去确定自己的中心论点。假如从disagree 的角度出发，要从哪几个分论点去论述人们并没有对外表和时尚putting too much emphasis 呢?考生在现场可能会抓耳挠腮，一时不知从何下手，这时我们可以借助戴云老师的10个分类“万金油”去一一验证。首先，可以从适用范围最广的三个万能理由去分析可行不可行：Career preparation/increase knowledge/new experiences。对时尚外表的关注可以帮助我们的Career preparation事业成功吗?成功 ，也就是十类中的“成功”。答案是可以!注重外表，关注

29、时尚反映一个人的生活品味，个人气质会提升，进而引起人们的关注，这自然会为自己带来意想不到的工作机会，进而发展自己的事业。你可以举例，X.X就是因为平常对时尚的关注，注重外表，气质好，给人印象深刻，而在面试中脱颖而出，成功地得到一份好的工作。接下来从其他十个分类中，进行快速定位，寻找分论点。国家与文明， 国家的范畴很大，可以展开论述。就其中的公益和慈善方面，可以举例。由于人们以时尚的关注，还能帮助他人，比如最近的“犀利哥事件”，从一个普通的流浪乞丐，因为其与众不同的穿着打扮，引起人们的关注，进而帮助他与家人团聚，唤起了人们对弱势群体的关注，进而促进了社会和谐。第三个“健康和安全”也能用，可以说人

30、们对时尚外表的关注，自然会崇尚健康的护肤产品，保养品，要注意保持身材，就会关注健身，要穿用对人们身体好的布料做的衣服，进而提高了人的身体健康。第四个，经济。人们关注外表和时尚，就会进行大量消费，可以用一组数据来证明，时尚业对经济的贡献。消费刺激市场，进而推动经济发展。第五个，幸福和情感。现代生活的压力越来越大，人们希望可以放松身心，对时尚和外表的关注，可以让人们的身心得到愉悦，缓解工作中的压力。人们只是借助时尚来放松娱乐自己，使自己的生活更加精彩，并不是put too much emphasis。通过分析这道题目，我们可以看出“万金油”真的可以在托福作文中助我们一臂之力，在紧张的考场中，只要脑

31、中有了“万金油”，就不愁找不到论点。但我们要把它用好，用对，否则会达到反效果。一定要用具体例子来辅助它，这样才可以使“做的饭菜更香”。托福写作的高分句型整理， 定语从句。这应该算是写作中最常用的一种句型之一。适当地运用定语从句可以给你的文章增色不少。例如，下面的这两个句子用上定语从句马上就变成了一个漂亮的复杂句。Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex. Bad books, in which there migh

32、t be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.第二， 状语从句。在写作当中运用的最多的是以下五种状语从句，即原因状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。1. 原因状语从句：常由because, as, since和for引导Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.尽管如此，我还是赞成太空探险，因为它的好处远远大

33、于坏处。2. 让步状语从句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引导Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。3. 条件状语从句：常由if, on the condition that和providing that引导Eg: If yo

34、u want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared.假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。4. 时间状语从句：常由when和while引导Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的

35、学习。5. 目的状语从句: 常由so that和in order that引导Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.成千上万的人们不得不花费的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。第三， 宾语从句。Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly r

36、esponsible for the environmental pollution.一些人认为政府应对环境污染负主要责任。Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。第四， 同位语从句。Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes

37、 increasingly serious.环境污染变得越来越严重是不可否认的事实。Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。第五，主语从句。Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rur

38、al and urban areas is deteriorating.值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole.众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。第六，强调句: It is + 被强调的内容 + thatEg: It is cars and factories that rele

39、ase a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.汽车和工厂排放大量的废气，使得环境被污染。第七，倒装句。Eg: Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.只有政府采取适当的措施，这个棘手的问题才能被解决。第八，被动语态。Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.人

40、们应竭尽全力来保护我们赖以生存的环境。第九， 分词结构：包括现在分词和过去分词。Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.旅游业是一个新兴的行业，它成为经济的主要, 在很多东南亚国家起着尤为重要的作用。Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely

41、 punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.具体来说，政府应该出台相关法律法规对制造大量污染物的工厂及故意乱扔垃圾随地吐痰的人进行严惩。第十，插入语。一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有语法上的关系,大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,位置较为灵活,可置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.电脑，我们生活中必不可少的一部分，给我们带来了极大的方便。Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.大学生，没有社会经验，容易上当受骗。如何同时准备TOEFL和GRE还互不耽误 如何同时准备TOEFL和GRE还互不耽误?“一心两用”是个技术活今天小编给大家带来了 第 19 页 共 19 页