托福阅读如何应对文章难句.doc

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1、托福阅读如何应对文章难句在托福考试中，如何应对托福阅读文章中的难句呢?小编整理了一些应对的方法，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读如何应对文章难句NO8-1，我们从“词-句-篇章”来谈谈这篇文章。原文：Geologists have long known that the Earth s mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolvedis the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best eviden

2、ce for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologis

3、ts contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upw

4、ard and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.一、难词spatial: a.1.空间的，太空的;2.存在(或者发生

5、)于宇宙空间的plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱xenolith:俘虏岩percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于portions: n.一部分二、难句1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of m

6、aterial fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即t

7、he evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fund

8、amentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一

9、定是在说地幔有不同的层面。2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming

10、 portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids pathways. (4+)但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations

11、concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。三、文章结构Ts是文章的第一句，因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然

12、后提出了两种理论，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.托福阅读如何应对复杂句式除了词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句，必须迅速把握其主干和

13、重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点，对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握难句的主干和重点，首先要弄清它们的类型。简而言之，托福中的难句主要包括下列类型：1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)2.同位语3.并列结构4.that引导的各种从句5.插入结构6.独立主格7.倒装句8.强调句9.虚拟语气对于不同类型的难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。以倒装句为例，主要有下列情况：1.方位副词放在句首Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of

14、the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。2.介词放在句首Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。3. 形容词放在句首Implic

15、it in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。4.过去分词放在句首Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been, i

16、n the full sense of the word, silent。5.现在分词放在句首Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。 句子倒装的目的主要有两个：一是被提前的部分被强调，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are之后：T

17、hough we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前，是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡，否则将导致头重脚轻的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例，按照正常语序应该是：Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕，因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到ce

18、taceans)，而谓语部分were missing until recently较短，容易造成头重脚轻的效果。第五句将missing提前，避免了这一现象。托福阅读句意解释题这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential informati

19、on.解决这类题目的三种方法：第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similar

20、ities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave

21、out essential information.A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.It is not important whether U.S

22、. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the

23、potential similarities and differences.解题：首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。托福阅读的四种关系整理1.因果关系因：because， because of， for， as， since， in that， on account of， wit

24、h果：so， so that， therefore， thereby， as a result， hence， thus， coequently， accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause， reason， lead to， give rise to， result in， render， make， let， ask， push， stimulate， ark， ur， fuel， produce， be reoible for如：The increased presures of exp

25、anding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。B 由而来(果-因)：result from， derive from， originate from， initiate from， stem from， be reoi

26、ve to， be attributable to如：“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。C 反映，体现(果-因)：reflect

27、， present， demotrate， suggest， imply， show This result demotrates that helliD 考虑到：given， coidering， in view of， thanks to， according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.E 依赖于：rely on， depend on， resort to， He resorted to books when he had problems.F 条件关系：when， once， as soon as， as long

28、 as As soon as he got the money， he would leave the country at once.G 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam， she cried.2.对比转折关系A 对比：while， whereas， on the other hand在解释句子题、插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While， whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand，可以用来把握句间关系。B 转折：but， altho

29、ugh， deite， in ite of， neverthele， however转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一，掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。3.比较关系A 同级比较 ahelliasB 比较级：more hellithan， -er than， lehellithanC 变化：change， alter， vary， modify， revise， increase， decrease， enhance， diminish， develop， progre， advance， improve， retreat， degenerate， continue， remainD 差异：dif

30、ferent， distinguish， separate， same， similar， comparable， compare hellito E 超越：surpa， exceed， excel， over F 最高级 1)本身有最高级含义：maximum， minimum， peak， outstanding， top 2) 本身程度比较深：amazing， surprising， astonishing， prohibitively high 3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高

31、级关系。4.否定关系显性否定：no， not， never， nor， none neither 隐形否定：fail to， refuse， remove， mi， reject， aence of， lack of 否定前缀：a-， ab-， dis-， il-， im-， in-， non- ， un- 否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。双重否定：not fail to， not illegal， not uncommon， not unavailable 双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很

32、少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。托福阅读材料之生理缺陷不影响成功The secret of Leonardo Da Vincis talent and Pablo Picassos success may have been their dyslexia. The two men both suffered from the word blindness that affects as many as one in 12 children but it seems it can also bring the keen spatial awareness that makes the

33、difference between a jobbing painter and a master of art.科学家经研究证实，大师达芬奇以及毕加索的成功竟是因为他们在生理上的缺陷-难语症(阅读障碍)所“造就而成”的。这两位闻名世界的大师级人物因为天生就患有阅读障碍症状，该症状迫使他们对于“空间意识”有着自己独到的见解，并同一般画家区分开来。The finding, from Middlesex University psychologists, could help explain the brilliance of some of the greatest artists of all

34、 time and the timelessness of works such as the Mona Lisa. The researchers put 41 men and women through tests to assess their visuo-spatial ability. Around half of those taking part were dyslexic and so had trouble learning to spell, read and write. The dyslexic men did better than the other men on

35、many of the tests, including recalling the direction of the Queens head on a postage stamp and reproducing designs using coloured blocks.据悉，心理学家将流芳百世的作品蒙娜丽莎的成功归因于大师的“缺陷”。研究者针对41个男女进行“视空间”的能力测试，研究发现具有“阅读障碍”的人比普通人在设计、色彩搭配上更具有天分。They were also faster and more accurate at navigating their way around a v

36、irtual town on a computer screen, the journal Learning and Individual Differences reports. The researchers said there could be several explanations for the findings, including dyslexics developing an enhanced sense of space to compensate for problems with language.具有“阅读障碍”的人在电脑上操控三维立体的能力更强、精确度更高、速度也

37、更快。研究者对该实验结果这样解释：“人若具有阅读障碍，那么有可能人的另一部分的潜能。比如空间感觉就会得到发挥，从而弥补人们在读写能力方面的缺失。”Dr Nicola Brunswick said: Also, many dyslexic people prefer to work out problems by thinking and doing rather than by speaking. This could help dyslexic men develop the kind of skills they need to succeed in the artistic and cr

38、eative worlds.研究者说，有阅读障碍的人更倾向用“思考”解决问题，而非用语言来表达。在语言能力方面的缺失使得人们强迫自己发展身体其他的潜能来提升自己的价值，从另一种程度上帮助了艺术家创作作品。Artists known or believed to have suffered from dyslexia include Da Vinci, Picasso, Rodin and Andy Warhol.据悉，具有阅读障碍的大师级人物不少，有达芬奇、毕加索、罗丹以及安迪沃霍尔。Notes:dyslexia dis leksi? n. 诵读困难;阅读障碍;难语症如何同时准备TOEFL和GRE还互不耽误 如何同时准备TOEFL和GRE还互不耽误?“一心两用”是个技术活今天小编给大家带来了 第 17 页 共 17 页