小学英语语法总结：句子的种类素材.doc

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1、小学英语语法:句子的种类(一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感慨句。1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentences)：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。(说明事实)The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences)：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句(General Questions)：Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗?b.特殊疑问句(W Questions;

2、 H Questions)：Where do you live?你住那儿?How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?c.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions)：Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡?d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions)：He doesnt know her, does he?他不认识她，对不对?3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences)：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sit down, please.请坐。Dont be nervous!别紧张!4) 感慨句(Exclamatory

3、Sentences)：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：What good news it is!多好的消息啊!(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1) 简单句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。(主) (谓)2) 并列句(Compound Sentences)：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：The food was good, but he had little appetite.(主) (谓) (主)(谓)食物

4、很精美，但他却没什么胃口。3) 复合句(Complex Sentences)：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由附属连词引导，例如：The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句 从句我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。(三)根本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种根本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1)主 + 动(SV)例如：I work.我工作。2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如：John is busy.约翰忙。3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如：She s

5、tudies English.她学英语。4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC)例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如：My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。13.1 祈使句结构祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1) 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。Take this seat.Do be careful.否认结构：Dont move.Dont be late.2) 第二种祈使句

6、以let开头。Let 的反意疑问句a. Lets 包括说话者Lets have another try，shall we / shant we?= Shall we have another try?b.Let us 不包括说话者Let us have another try，will you / wont you?= Will you please let us have another try?否认结构：Lets not talk of that matter.Let us not talk of that matter.13.2 感慨句结构感慨句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊

7、叹、喜 悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感慨句结构主要有以下几种：掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感慨句的重点。How +形容词+ a +名词+陈述语序How+形容词或副词+陈述语序What +名词+陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序How clever a boy he is!How lovely the baby is!What noise they are making!What a clever boy he is!What wonderful ideas (we have)

8、!What cold weather it is!感慨句的省略形式为：What a clever boy (he is)!典型例题1)_ food youve cooked!A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How nice D. What nice答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)2)_terrible weather weve been having these days!A. What B

9、. What aC. How D. How a答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。3) - _ I had!- You really suffered a lot.A. What a timeB. What time C. How a time D. how time答案A.感慨句分两类：1：What + n.+主谓局部2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓局部。此题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。13.3 强调

10、句结构常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。It is (was) 被强调局部+ that (who) + 句子其他局部。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。It is from the sun that we get light and heat.It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.典型例题1) It was last night _ I see the comet.A.the timeB.when C.thatD.which答案C. 强调句的结构是： It

11、+be +强调局部 + that (who) + 主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的局部是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 who，其余用that。原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.强调时间：

12、It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.2)It is ten years _ Miss Green returned to Canada.A. thatB. when C. since D. as答案C. 考点是连词用法。 此题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。假设是，去掉It be that还应是一个完整的句

13、子。而本句去掉 It isthat，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。It is /was +时间+ since其中is has been was had been.13.4 用助动词进行强调强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。She does like this horse.她确实喜欢这匹马。Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。13.5 反意疑问句1)陈述局部的主语是I，疑问局部要用 arent I.Im as tall as your

14、sister，arent I?2)陈述局部的谓语是wish，疑问局部要用may +主语。I wish to have a word with you, may I?3)陈述局部用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否认含义的词时，疑问局部用肯定含义。The Swede made no answer, did he / she?Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?4)含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述局部是肯定的，疑问局部用shouldnt / ought

15、nt +主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?5)陈述局部有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问局部常用dont +主语(didnt +主语)。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?6)陈述局部的谓语是used to 时，疑问局部用didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?7)陈述局部有had better + v. 疑问句局部用h

16、adnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?8)陈述局部有would rather +v.，疑问局部多用 wouldnt +主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?9)陈述局部有Youd like to +v. 疑问局部用wouldnt +主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?10) 陈述局部有must 的疑问句，疑问局部根据实际情况而定。He must be a doctor, isnt he?You m

17、ust have studied English for three years, havent you? / didnt you?He must have finished it yesterday, didnt he?11) 感慨句中，疑问局部用be +主语。What colours, arent they?What a smell, isnt it?12)陈述局部由neither nor, either or 连接的并列主语时，疑问局部根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?13)陈述局部主语是指示代词或不定代词everythi

18、ng, that, nothing, this, 疑问局部主语用it。Everything is ready, isnt it?14) 陈述局部为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问局部有三种情况：a. 并列复合句疑问局部，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he?b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问局部谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?H

19、e said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he?c. 上述局部主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问局部与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it better, cant she?15) 陈述局部主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问局部常用复数they，有时也用单数he。Everyone knows the a

20、nswer, dont they?(does he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问局部常用 need (dare ) +主语。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you?当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问局部用助动词do + 主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问局部用will you。Dont do t

21、hat again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ?注意： Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?18)陈述局部是there be结构的，疑问局部用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there?There will n

22、ot be any trouble, will there?19)否认前缀不能视为否认词，其反意疑问句仍用否认形式。It is impossible, isnt it?He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?20)must在表推测时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。He must be there now, isnt he?It must be going to rain tomorrow, wont it?快速记忆表陈述局部的谓语 疑问局部I arent IWishmay +主语no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldo

23、m, hardly, 肯定含义rarely, little等否认含义的词ought to(肯定的) shouldnt/ oughtnt +主语have to+v.(had to+v.)dont +主语(didnt +主语)used to didnt +主语或 usednt +主语had better + v.hadnt youwould rather + v.wouldnt +主语youd like to + v. wouldnt +主语must 根据实际情况而定感慨句中 be +主语Neithernor,eitheror 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定并列主语指示代词或不定代词everyth

24、ing,that,主语用itnothing,this并列复合句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one复数they, 单数he情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语省去主语的祈使句 will you?Lets 开头的祈使句 Shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句Will you?there be相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)否认前缀不能视为否认词 仍用否认形式must表推测根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句