语法课件1.ppt

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1、Grammar and VocabularyTEM 4语法常考点语法常考点一、虚拟语气一、虚拟语气表示虚拟的时间表示虚拟的时间条件从句的谓语形式条件从句的谓语形式主句谓语形式主句谓语形式与现在相反与现在相反过去式过去式 did；be动词用动词用werewould /should/might/could +do与过去相反与过去相反过去完成式过去完成式 had donewould /should/might/could +have done与将来相反与将来相反过去式过去式 didwere to do/ should dowould /should/might/could +do1. If 引导的从

2、句引导的从句eg.1. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprised C. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised2. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd of people there. A. werent B. hasn

3、t been C. hadnt been D. wouldnt be3. If your car _ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. A. Shall need B. should need C. would need D. will needACB2. 虚拟条件句的倒装形式If引导的虚拟条件句中的引导的虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，然后将可以省略，然后将were, should, had, would等助动词提到句首，采用倒装形式。等助动词提到句首，采用倒装形式。注意，省去注意

4、，省去if 后，否定词后，否定词not 不提前。不提前。eg. _ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.A. Had it not been B. Hadnt it been C. Was it not D. Were it not A3. 从句中从句中 (should) do 句型句型1.动词动词suggest, advise, propose, ask, command, demand, require, urge, order, recommend, insist等表示等表示“建议、要求、

5、命令、建议、要求、命令、愿望愿望”等意义的词后引导的宾语从句的谓语动词等意义的词后引导的宾语从句的谓语动词使用（使用（should ） do的形式，其中的形式，其中should可以可以省略。（注意：省略。（注意：suggest, recommend, insist分分别为别为“暗示、推荐、坚持认为暗示、推荐、坚持认为”时不用虚拟语时不用虚拟语气。）气。）2.由上述动词派生出来的名词加由上述动词派生出来的名词加that 引导的同位语引导的同位语从句或表语从句，其谓语动词用（从句或表语从句，其谓语动词用（should ）do的形式。的形式。3.由上述动词的过去分词及下列形容词由上述动词的过去分词及

6、下列形容词strange, important, essential, vital, imperative, necessary, urgent, natural, unusual, advisable, desirable等用等用于于 It isthat.结构中时，结构中时，that引导的从句的谓语引导的从句的谓语动词用（动词用（should）do的形式。的形式。4. 在在lest, for fear that 等引导的状语从句中，谓语等引导的状语从句中，谓语动词通常用动词通常用should do形式，形式，should通常不省略。通常不省略。 eg. The mad man was put

7、 in the soft-padded cell lest he should injure himself.eg. 1. She asked that she _ allowed to see her son in police custody. A. would be B. could be C. be D. was2. It is imperative/recommended that students _ their term papers on time. A. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed inCA4.

8、固定句型1. It is high/about time that是是的时间了。从句的谓语动的时间了。从句的谓语动词用一般过去式。词用一般过去式。2. would rather “宁愿宁愿”，从句用一般过去时或过去完成时。，从句用一般过去时或过去完成时。3. wish“希望希望” ，从句用一般过去时或过去完成时。，从句用一般过去时或过去完成时。4. as if, as though “好像好像”，从句用一般过去时或过去完成，从句用一般过去时或过去完成时。时。5. If only“要是要是就好了就好了”，从句用一般过去时或过去完成时。，从句用一般过去时或过去完成时。6. But for“要不是要

9、不是”，given, provided., providing (that)后接名词短语或从句，表示条件，意为后接名词短语或从句，表示条件，意为“如果如果”； 主句主句用虚拟语气。用虚拟语气。eg. 1. That was not the first time he _ us. I think its high time we _ strong actions against him. A. betrayed take B. had betrayed took C. has betrayedtook D. has betrayed.take2. If only I _ play the gui

10、tar as well as you! A. would B. could C. should D. might3. _ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. A. Giving B. To given C. Given D. Being given4. _ your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work. A. Unless B. But for C. Ex

11、cept for D. Not forBBCB二、二、 非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词形式包括：不定式、动名词、分词（现在分非谓语动词形式包括：不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词）、独立主格结构。词和过去分词）、独立主格结构。1. 作宾语作宾语 a. 只能用只能用to do的动词的动词aim, agree, arrange, ask, afford, apply, attempt, beg, claim, choose, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, bother, care, fail, declin

12、e, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, hurry, long, manage, offer, pretend, plan, plot, promise, presume, proceed, refuse, request, resolve, seek, strive, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer等等b. 只能用只能用doing sth.acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, appreciate, anticipate, avoid, cant help, co

13、mprehend, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, discontinue, dislike, dispute, endure, enjoy, escape, evade, fancy, favor, forgive, grudge, hinder, imagine, include, involve, justify, mind, overlook, object to, pardon, permit, postpone, prevent, quit, recall, resent, risk, resi

14、st, suggest, tolerate, understand等等c. 二者都可用的二者都可用的mean, like, love, remember, forget, regret, hate, prefer, go on, stop, chance等等eg.1. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid _. A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be beaten2.

15、He resented _ to wait. He expected the minister _ him at once. A. to be asked, to see B. being asked, to see C. to be asked, seeing D. being asked, seeing BBeg. The minister of Finance is believed _ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking C. that he is

16、to think D. to think2. 作宾补或主补作宾补或主补 感官动词感官动词believe, see, look, hear, watch, feel, smell 和使役动词和使役动词make, bid, command, tell, let, have后的后的不定式省略不定式省略to, 但这些词在被动语态后则需加带但这些词在被动语态后则需加带to的不的不定式。定式。B3. 作状语作状语1. 分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是主动关系，用现在分词，分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系用过去分词。是被动关系用过去分词。eg. 1._ at in this way,

17、 the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy. A. Looking B. Looked C. Having looked D. To look B2. This missile is designed so that once _ nothing can be done to retrieve it. A. fired B. being fired C. they fired D. having firedAeg.1. Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, whea

18、t _ by far the biggest cereal crop. A. is B. been C. be D. being 2. 在某些情况下，主句与分句的主语无法保持一致，这时我在某些情况下，主句与分句的主语无法保持一致，这时我们可以使用自带主语的们可以使用自带主语的“独立主格结构独立主格结构”作状语。作状语。D2. Time _, the celebration will be held as scheduled.A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D. permitsB3. There _ nothing more for discussion

19、, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. beC3. 不定式结构可以充当目的状语。疑问词不定式结构可以充当目的状语。疑问词+不定式结构不定式结构可以充当句子的成分，但当不定式结构用于可以充当句子的成分，但当不定式结构用于why not后时，需用省略后时，需用省略to的不定式结构。的不定式结构。4. 否定式否定式 当动词的当动词的-ing形式、形式、- ed形式或者不定式作主语时，若形式或者不定式作主语时，若需否定，那么否定词应放在它们的最前面。需否定，那么否定词

20、应放在它们的最前面。eg. _, he can now only watch it on TV at home. A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match D. Not obtained a ticket for the matchCeg. 1. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neig

21、hboring country, _ by the police each time. A. had been captured B. being always captured C. only to be captured D. unfortunately captured2. The Clarks havent decided yet which hotel _. A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying3. _ him tomorrow? A. Why not to call on B. Why dont call

22、on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call onCCDeg. _ is not a serious disadvantage in life. A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall D. Not being tall5. 作主语作主语 不定式和动词的不定式和动词的-ing形式可以在句中充当主语成份，但二者形式可以在句中充当主语成份，但二者的含义不同。不定式一般表示较为具体的动作，且含有表目的含义不同。不定式一般表示较为具体的动作，且含有表目的之意，而动词的之意，而动词-ing形式则表示较

23、为抽象的动作。形式则表示较为抽象的动作。Deg. Above the trees are the hills, _ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. A. where B. of whose C. whose D. which2. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago. A. which B. that C. who D. whom三、定语从句三、定语从句1. 根据先行词

24、选择关系代词或关系副词。根据先行词选择关系代词或关系副词。CB3. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? A. by which B. that C. in where D. where4. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced

25、. A. whose B. as C. what D. that5. She remembered several occasions in the past _ she had experienced a similar feeling. A. which B. before C. that D. whenDDD2. 限定性与非限定性定语从句限定性与非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句只能用非限定性定语从句只能用which和和as引导，不能用其引导，不能用其他任何词来引导。当他任何词来引导。当which和和as修饰先行词是前面整修饰先行词是前面整个一句话时，个一句话时，as 可放句首，可放句首

26、，which 不可以。不可以。eg.2. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _ is something we had not expected. A. which B. it C. that D. whatA2. The party, _ I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable. A. by which B. for which C. to which D. at which 3. The ph

27、ysicist has made a discovery, _ of great importance to the progress of science and technology. A. I think which is B. that I think is C. which I think is D. which I think it isCD3. 当先行词前有当先行词前有the same, such, so修饰时，定语从句的修饰时，定语从句的引导词一般是引导词一般是as。eg. Only take such clothes _ really necessary. A. as wer

28、e B. as they are C. as they were D. as are D四、名词性从句四、名词性从句1. 宾语从句宾语从句用来引导宾语从句的连词有：用来引导宾语从句的连词有：that, what, 特殊疑问词，特殊疑问词，however, wh-ever。eg.1. The government has promised to do _ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area. A. however B. whichever C. whatever D.

29、whereverC2. She managed to save _ she could out of her wages to help her brother. A. how little money B. so little money C. such little money D. what little money3. After _ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel managers office. A. that B. there C. what D. it4. The team can h

30、andle whatever _. A. that needs handling B. which needs handling C. it needs handling D. needs to be handled5. We can assign the task to _ is capable and trustworthy. A. whomever B. who C. whom D. whoeverCDDD2. 同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句多用同位语从句多用that引导，但疑问代词引导，但疑问代词who, which, what和疑问副词和疑问副词where, when, why, h

31、ow和连词和连词whether, if也也可引导同位语从句。可引导同位语从句。eg. There is no doubt _ the company has made the right decision on the sales project. A. why B. that C. whether D. whenB3. 表语从句表语从句表语从句可以由连接代词，连接副词和关系代词引导，并表语从句可以由连接代词，连接副词和关系代词引导，并且这些词不能省略。且这些词不能省略。eg. 1. _ as a “bellyacher”- hes always complaining about somet

32、hing. A. who is known B. whom is known C. what is known D. which is known 2. _ I wanted to say. A. Such was what B. What was such C. Such was that D. That was suchCA4. 主语从句 主语从句可由主语从句可由that引导，也可由疑问代词引导，也可由疑问代词who, which, what和疑问副词和疑问副词where, when, why, how和连词和连词whether，if引导。引导。 _ you have written th

33、e letter in English will surprise your teacher. A. What B. That C. Who D. How long B五、状语从句五、状语从句1. 条件状语从句条件状语从句 （1）常用来引导条件状语从句的词有：）常用来引导条件状语从句的词有：if, unless=if not（除非）（除非）, as/so long as（只要）（只要）, otherwise, or等。等。 （2）on condition that（如果）（如果）, providing/provided/given that（倘若）（倘若）, suppose/supposing

34、 (that)（假如）（假如）, in case（万一）（万一） 这些短语也可以用来引导状语从句。这些短语也可以用来引导状语从句。eg. 1. You wont get a loan _ you can offer some security. A. lest B. in case C. unless D. other than2. This is an illness that can result in total blindness _ left untreated. A. after B. if C. since D. unless3. He must give us more tim

35、e, _ we shall not be able to make a good job of it. A. consequently B. otherwise C. therefore D. doubtlesslyCBB2. 让步状语从句让步状语从句2.1. 常用来引导让步状语从句的连词有：常用来引导让步状语从句的连词有：although, though, even though, even if, while (虽然虽然)eg.1. _ I sympathize, I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties

36、. A. As long as B. As C. While D. EvenC2. _, Ill marry him all the same. A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or poor C. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or poor3. David Singer, my friends father, _ raised and educated in New York, lived and lectured in Africa most of his life. A. who B. if C. w

37、hile D. thoughDD2.2. as用于让步状语从句时，有其固定的句式结构：形用于让步状语从句时，有其固定的句式结构：形容词（副词、名词）容词（副词、名词）+ as + 主语主语 + 谓语动词谓语动词eg. Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. A. who B. as C. that D. likeB2.3. 用于引导让步状语从句的短语：用于引导让步状语从句的短语： for all (尽管尽管) , much as(虽然，尽管虽然，尽管)。 eg.1. _ I like economics, I like soc

38、iology much better. A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much as2. _, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources. A. Instead of his contributions B. For all his notable contributions C. His making notable contributions D. However his notable contributions DB2.4. whatever, whenever,

39、wherever, whichever, however都可以用来引导让步状语从句，注意都可以用来引导让步状语从句，注意however后面通常要接形容词和副词，不单独使有，其他的词可后面通常要接形容词和副词，不单独使有，其他的词可以单独使用。以单独使用。eg. _ he always tries his best to complete it on time. A. However the task is hard B. However hard the task is C. Though hard the task is D. Though hard is the taskB3. 比较状语比

40、较状语3.1 用来引导比较状语从句最常见的连词是用来引导比较状语从句最常见的连词是than, 词组词组有：有：asas, the same as和和suchas。注意否定形。注意否定形式：式：not as/so as, not the same as, not suchas。注意注意than后从句的省略问题：一般省去主语，保留全后从句的省略问题：一般省去主语，保留全部谓语或部分谓语。部谓语或部分谓语。eg.1. The experiment requires more money than _. A. have been put in B. being put in C. has been p

41、ut in D. to be put in2. The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than _. A. is necessary B. being necessary C. to be necessary D. it is necessaryCA3. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exis

42、t C. existing D. to exist4. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _ Eastern Nebraska. A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it does inAC3.2. The more., the more句型句型(两个比较级的句型两个比较级的句型)eg. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-load truck, _ to the truck. A. the gr

43、eater stress is B. greater is the stress C. the stress is greater D. the greater the stressD3.3. 句型：句型： not + 比较级比较级 + than (不如不如, 不比不比) She is not better than him. 她没有他人好。她没有他人好。 no + 比较级比较级 + than (和和一样不一样不) She is no better than him.她和他一样坏。她和他一样坏。4. 短语：短语： not more than = at most 不超过、至多不超过、至多 no

44、more than = only 不过、只有、仅仅不过、只有、仅仅eg.1. Fat cannot change into muscle _ muscle changes into fat. A. any more than B. no less than C. no more than D. much more than2. John is _ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam. A. no less B. no more C. not less D. not so AA4. 原因状语原因状语 用来引导原因状语从句的

45、连词和短语有：用来引导原因状语从句的连词和短语有： because, since, as , for, in that (原因在于原因在于), now that(既然既然)。注意：。注意：owing to, due to, thanks to, because of 也表示原因，但不能加从也表示原因，但不能加从句，只能加短语。句，只能加短语。eg. Barry had an advantage over his mother _ he could speak French. A. since that B. in that C. at that D. so thatB5.方式状语方式状语 1.

46、引导方式关语从句的连词有：引导方式关语从句的连词有：as if / though（好像）（好像）, as（按照，像）（按照，像）, (just) asso.（正如（正如也也）, how, the way等。等。 2. 固定句型：固定句型：A is to B what C is to D. （A对对B的意义的意义就好像就好像C对对D的意义一样）。的意义一样）。eg. 1. She did her work _ her manager had instructed. A. as B. until C. when D. though2. Intellect is to the mind _ sigh

47、t is to the body. A. what B. as C. that D. like AA 6.时间状语时间状语最常见的连词：最常见的连词：when, as, while, before, after, till, until, (ever) since, as soon as等。等。 固定句型：固定句型：no soonerthan, hardly / scarcely (only) justwhen 表示表示“刚一刚一就就”。前一分句常用过去完成时，。前一分句常用过去完成时，而后一分句多用一般过去时来体现动作的前后顺序。如果将而后一分句多用一般过去时来体现动作的前后顺序。如果将no

48、 sooner, hardly /scarcely, only just放在句首，则主句的放在句首，则主句的主语和谓语要倒装，即助动词主语和谓语要倒装，即助动词had要放在主语的前面。要放在主语的前面。 eg. 1. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people _. A. do B. hear C. do them D. hearing it2. Come and see me whenever _. A. you are convenient B. you wi

49、ll be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to youAC五、名词性从句五、名词性从句1. 宾语从句宾语从句用来引导宾语从句的连词有：用来引导宾语从句的连词有：that, what, 特殊疑问词，特殊疑问词，however, wh-ever。eg.1. The government has promised to do _ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area. A. how

50、ever B. whichever C. whatever D. whereverC2. She managed to save _ she could out of her wages to help her brother. A. how little money B. so little money C. such little money D. what little money3. After _ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel managers office. A. that B. the