高中英语语法 介词.docx

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1、高中英语语法介词高中英语语法介词高中英语语法介词高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解-介词及练习一.概念:介词(preposition)又叫做前置词，一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，一般不重读,在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后面的名词或相当于名词的其他构造与句中其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语。可作介词宾语的词语通常有：1)名词或名词性从句:eg.Helivesnearourschool.Thiswillgivemesomeideaofwhatlifeis.2)代词:eg.Iamangrywithhim.Sheisntsatisfiedwithme.3)动名词或动名词

2、短语:eg.Ihaveanideafrosolvingthisproblem.4)不定式只限于介词but和except：eg.Icandonothingforthembutjustsitherthereandhope.Icandonothingforthemexcepttosendthemmoney.5)数词：eg.Fourfromsevenleavesthree.6)形容词：eg.Iknowitfromold.我早就知道它。7)副词：eg.Icantstayforlong.注意：英语介词往往相当于汉语的动词。eg.Thepolicemanhelpedtheoldwomanacrossthes

3、treet.警察帮助老大娘过马路。(“过=across)Areyouforitoragainstit?你赞成还是反对？(“赞成=for;“反对=against)二、介词的种类：A.介词按其构成分为1)简单介词(simplepreposition)：eg.at;in;ofsince,before,after等。2)复合介词(compoundpreposition):eg.asfor;asto;into;outof等。3)二重介词(doublepreposition)eg.fromunder;frombehind;untilafter;exceptin等。4)短语介词(phrasalpreposi

4、tion)eg.accordingto;becauseof;inspiteof;onbehalfof等。5)分词介词(participlepreposition)eg.regarding;concerning;including;providing等。B.介词按其词义分为1)地点介词：eg.across;among;around;above;after;along;at;before;behind;below等。2)时间介词:eg.about;after;sround;asat;before;behind;between;by;during;for,from.3)比拟介词:eg.as;like

5、;over;above等。4)除外介词:eg.besides;but;except等。5)反对介词:eg.against;with等。6)原因介词:eg.for;with;from等。7)结果介词:eg.for;with;without等。8)方式介词:eg.by;in;with等。9)所属介词:eg.of;with等。10)条件介词:eg.on;without;considering等。11)让步介词:eg.inspiteof;despite等。12)目的介词:eg.for;to等。13)根据介词:eg.on;accordingto等。三、介词短语及其功用：介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语(P

6、repositionalphrase),介词短语在句中可用作：1)主语：eg.FromBeijingtoTianjingistwohoursbytrain.2)表语：eg.Shelookslikeanactress.3)宾语：eg.Illgiveyouuntiltomorrow.4)定语：eg.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.5)补语：eg.Theyfoundthemselvesinadarkwood.6)状语：eg.Alberthassomuchworktodosothatheisstayinglateattheoffice.四、相关知识点精讲：1.表示地点位置介词

7、:1.高中英语语法介词高中英语语法介词1)at,in,on,to:at:(1)表示在小地方;(2)表示在附近,旁边；eg.Hearrivedatthestationatten.Heissittingatthedesk.(3)表示的位置是某一点；eg.atthethirdcrossroad/at108BeijingStreet/attheNorthPole(4)可接集体活动。eg.ataparty/concert/lecture/meetingathome/atthecornerofthestreet/atthefrontofthehallin:(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示在范围之内；(3)表

8、示的位置往往是立体的,有长、宽、高等。eg.HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.JiangsuliesintheeastofChina.inthedesk/inthecorneroftheroom/inapicture/inthewallon:(1)表示毗邻,接壤;(2)表示的位置往往是一个平面或一条线。eg.RussialiesonthenorthofChina./acityontheriver/ahotelonthethisroadto表示在范围外,不强调能否接壤.eg.FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.2)above,over,

9、on:在上above:(1)指在上方,不强调能否垂直,与below相eg.Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.对;两物体中间有一定的空间距离。Therearelightsabove/overourheads.(2)与刻度连用时，用above。Canyouseetheplaneflyingover/abovethebuilding?eg.threedegreesabovezero.Thewatercameabove/overourknees.over:(1)指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体eg.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.有一定的空间,

10、不直接接触.eg.TheresathickcloudoverthenorthofChina.(2)表示“布满，“盖满Thereisatableclothoverthetable.(3)表示“穿越,“越过，用over或acorss。eg.Hewalkedover/acrossthebridge./Thereisabridgeover/acrosstheriver.(4)与数字连用时用over=morethan。eg.over100people/over800metresabovesealevelon:表示某物体上面并与之接触.eg.Heputhiswatchonthedesk./onthewal

11、l3)below,under:在下面under:(1)表示在正下方,有垂直之意。eg.Thereisacatunderthetable.(2)接普通数词，under=lessthaneg.100metresbelowsealevel/childrenundersevenyearsofage/underfiftybelow:(1)表示在下,不一定在正下方eg.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline.(2)与刻度连用时，用below。eg.tendegreesbelowzero小测试：1.Marys_thegarden.A.inB.atC.onD.into2.Dontwor

12、ry.Shellfinishtheworkin_twentyminutes.A.belowB.onC.aboveD.over3.Fromthebridgewecouldseetheriver_.A.belowusB.belowourselvesC.underusD.underourselves4.Theweatherhereis20degrees_zerotoday.A.underB.inC.belowD.on5.Hewillbeback_20minutes.A.afterbelowB.inbelowC.afterunderD.inunder6.Whentheylookedup,theysaw

13、aplane_thetallbuilding.A.onB.overC.throughD.in7.Hefinishedhisworkin_twentyminutes.A.aboveB.belowC.overD.across8.Helives_203HuangheStreet.A.onB.inC.atD.to2.表示时间介词:1)in,on,at:在时in:表示较长时间,如世纪,朝代,时代,年,季节,月及一般(非特指)的早,中,晚等。eg.inthe20thcentury/inthe1950s/in1989/insummer/inJanuary/inthemorning/inthenight(在夜

14、间)/inoneslife/inonesthirties等。on:表示详细某一天及其早,中,晚。eg.onMay1st/onMonday/onNewYearsDay/onacoldnightinJanuary/onafinemorning/onSundayafternoon等。at:表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。eg.at3:20/atthistimeofyear/atthebeginningof/attheendof/attheageof/atChristmas/atnight/atnoon/atthismoment等。注意:在last,next,this,that,s

15、ome,every等词之前一律不用介词.如:Wemeeteveryday.2)in,after:在之后2.高中英语语法介词高中英语语法介词in+段时间表示将来的一段时间以后;eg.Mymotherwillcomebackinthreeorfourdays.after+段时间表示过去的一段时间以后;eg.Hearrivedafterfivemonths.after+将来点时间表示将来的某一时刻以后。eg.Shewillappearafterfiveoclockthisafternoon.3)from,since自从from:仅讲明什么时候开场,不讲明某动作或情况持续多久;eg.Hestudied

16、thepianofromtheageofthree.sinc:表示某动作或情况持续至讲话时刻,通常与完成时连用。eg.Theyhavelivedheresince1978.4)after,behind:在之后after:主要用于表示时间;eg.Weshallleaveafterlunch.behind:主要用于表示位置.eg.Lucyishidingbehindanoldhouse.5)until/till:直到为止。eg.till/untillastweek/till/untillnow/frommorningtillnight6)by:在某时间之前；不晚于时间。eg.bytheendofl

17、asyyear小测试：1.Weoftengotothepark_Sundaymorning.A.onB.inC.atD.from2.Myaunthasworkedinaclinic_1949.A.afterB.beforeC.tillD.since3.HisfatherwillbebackfromLondon_afewdays.A.sinceB.onC.inD.to4.Ithappenedtobeverycold_themorningofoursportsmeet.A.atB.ofC.onD.with5.Hedecidedtovisitthefactory_Fridaynight.A.atB.

18、inC.onD.over6.Hesuddenlyreturned_arainynight.A.onB.atC.inD.during7.Thedoctorwillbefree_.A.10minuteslaterB.after10minutesC.in10minutesD.10minutesafter8.“Howlonghashisbookshopbeeninbusiness?“_1982.A.AfterB.InC.FromD.Since9.Thetrainleavesat6:00p.m.SoIhavetobeatthestation_5:40atthelatest.A.untilB.afterC

19、.byD.around10.“CanIstay_theweekend?A.by;untilB.until;aroundC.till;byD.at;on“Yes,butyoullhavetoleave_Mondaymiddyatthelatest.11.Theyhavebeeninthestore_.A.foralongtimeagoB.fornineoclockC.sincetwohoursD.sicnetwohoursago12.Ihavebeenplayingchess_manyyears,butImhardlyaexpert.A.inB.withC.sinceD.for3.表示方式介词:

20、(1)by:+接人或方式等。eg.madebyhim/bythismeanseg.bydoingthis/bycar/bus/train/bike/us/comeinbythedoor(2)in:+接语言/衣物等。eg.inthiswayeg.inthe(this/that)way/inahigh(low)voice/inpen/ink/English/therain(3)with:+接工具性的名词或其他名词。eg.withthismethodeg.withahammer/apen(pencil)(4)on:+接人体名词和TV等词。eg.lieononesback/tolearnEnglish

21、onTV/ontheradio(5)to:+接乐器或乐曲名词。eg.tosingtothepiano(guitar)/todancetomusic注意：1.byweight(volume):按重/体积2.byheight:按高度3.byfax/radio/telephone:靠传真、无线电、电话4.bytheweek/thehour/theyear按周/按小时/按年5.bythepound按英镑小测试：1.Heworkedouttheproblem_thatmeans.A.inB.withC.byD.on2.Pleaseanswermyquestion_aloudenoughvoice.A.b

22、yB.atC.withD.in3.Thisisthecar_hecamehere.A.bywhichB.bythatC.inwhichD.withwhich4.Helay_hisback,hiseyes_upward.A.with;lookedB.to;lookingC.on;lookingD.on;looked5.Heoftenwrote_apen,butnowheiswriting_pencil.A.in;withB.with;inC.with;withD.in;in6.Hebuiltatelescope_withhecouldstudytheskies.A.byB.throughC.on

23、D.with7.Heoftensleeps_thewindow_.A.by;openB.when;openedC.while;openingD.with;open8.Howbeautifulthegirllooks_hernewclothes.A.onB.inC.withD.for9.HeoftenlearnsEnglish_TVafterwrok.A.byB.fromC.onD.in3.高中英语语法介词高中英语语法介词10.Theyoftendance_onSundaynights.A.bymusicB.bythemusicC.tomusicD.tothemusic11.Thetallbui

24、ldingwasdestroyed_abigfire.A.withB.inC.byD.on12.Theyoungmanoftenwritesmusic_A.todanceB.todancebyC.todancewithD.todanceto13.Themanagerkeepsintouchwithme_.A.withfaxB.tofaxC.byfaxD.byhefax14.Hewascaught_theheavyrain.A.byB.onC.inD.through4.表示除外介词:除外介词有：besides;but;except和apartfrom。(1)besides:除外之外(还包括)。e

25、g.Weneedfifteenmorepeoplebesidesyourgroup.besides+doingsth.eg.Whatelsedidyoudobesideswritingaletter?注意:?besides:adv.而且；再讲eg.Idontreallywanttogo.Besides,itstoolatenow.?beside:prep.在之旁。eg.Sheissittingbesidemeonthebench.(2)except/but:除之外(不包括)。eg.Weworkeverydayexcept/butSaturdayandSunday.exceptfor+sth.:

26、除去整体的一部分或对部分缺点要修正。eg.Exceptforthecolor,Ilikethecarverymuch.eg.Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforsomespellingmistakes.exceptthat+从句：eg.WeknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisAmerica.exceptwhen+从句：eg.Hecomestoseemeeverydayexceptwhenitrains.except/but+todosth.eg.Ihavenothingelsetodoexceptlookafterthechild.Shed

27、idnothingbut(to)cry.Wehadnootherchoicesbut(to)gothethepolicestationforhelp.(3)besides:用于否认句=except/buteg.Ihavenoothertoolsbesides/except/butthese.(4)apartfrom:?=exceptfor:除之外(不包括)eg.Ivefinishedapartfromthelastquestion.?=inadditionto;aswellas除外之外(还)；此外；加之eg.Whatothersportsdoyoulikeapartfromfootball?(

28、5)otherthan=except:除以外eg.IdontknowanyFrenchpeopleotherthanyou.小测试：WeregoingawayinJunebutotherthanthatIllbehereallsummer.1.Shesaidthattheyhadnootherchoices_gototheteacherforhelp.A.besideB.besidesC.acceptD.except2.DoesJohnknowanyotherforeignlanguage_French?A.exceptB.butC.besidesD.beside3.NooneknewMr.B

29、ensonsaddress_hisdaughter.A.exceptB.expectC.onlyD.beside4._hiswife,noonewenttoseehim.A.BesideB.BesidesC.ExceptD.Exceptfor5.Thefilmisgood_itsuglycolourA.exceptB.besidesC.besideD.exceptfor6.Weknownothingabouther_shelivesdownstairs.A.exceptwhenBbutwhenC.exceptforD.exceptthat7.Thiskindofanimalsnevercome

30、sout_itsdark.A.exceptforB.exceptthatC.expectwhenD.exceptwhen8.Heseldomcomestoseeme_formoney.A.exceptaskedB.besidestoaskC.buttoaskingD.excepttoask5.表示原因介词:(1)becauseof+名词/代词/what从句，讲明做某事的原因。eg.Shewaslatebecauseofherillness.Icameherebecauseofyou.Hewasangrybecauseofwhatyoudid.(2)for:forreason(为了原因)或用于固

31、定搭配。eg.Shedecidedtogetajobforseveralreasons.Forwhatreasonwereyoulate?Heispraisedforwritingagoodpoem.Chinaisfamousforitslonghistory.Hewasscoldedforbeinglate.Hegotanawardforbravery.Icouldntspeakforlaughing.(3)asaresultof:由于的结果=becauseofeg.Theriverwasfloodedasaresultoftheheavyrain.(4)owingto:prep.=beca

32、useof由于；由于eg.Owingtohishardwork,hesucceeded.注意：在动词之后或从句之首用owingto表示“由于。eg.Thegamewascancelledowingtotheheavyrain.(5)dueto:becauseof由于；由于。eg.Theteamssuccesswaslargelyduetoherefforts.4.高中英语语法介词高中英语语法介词(6)thanksto:幸亏；由于；由于eg.Everyoneknowsaboutitnow,thankstoyou!小测试：1.Shedidtcometotheparty_whatyouhadsaid

33、.A.becauseB.forC.becauseofD.asof2.Hedoesntbelieveyou_whatyousaidiswrong.A.becauseB.becauseofC.forD.owingto3.Hewaspunished_breakingthelaw.A.asB.becauseC.sinceD.for4.Thebuildingwasburneddown_thebigfire.A.becauseB.forC.asaresultofD.owedto5._whatreasonwasMarkputintoprison?A.BecauseofB.BecauseC.ForD.Sinc

34、e6.表示方向介词:(1)at:表示方向的一个“点，具有攻击的意思。eg.Heshotatabird./shoutatsb./rushatsb./comeatsb.(2)to:指方向,不强调点。eg.Hewenttothefactory./throwaballtosb.(3)towards:强调向某处运动的方向。eg.Hewalkedtowardsme.(4)across:表示横过,即从物体外表通过,与on有关;eg.Sheswamacrosstheriver./walkacrossthedesert(5)through:穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。eg.Hewalkedthrough

35、theforest./walkthroughtheforest小测试：1.Heshot_thebird,butitflewaway.A.towardsB.atC.toD./2.Thewolfjumped_thefarmertoeathim.A.toB.forC.atD.on3.Ittookmefivehourstowalk_theforest.A.overB.acrossC.throughD.in4.Iwalked_thesquaretothehotel.A.onB.throughC.acrossD.towards5.Hewalked_thehall,smilingstrangely.A.ov

36、erB.acrossC.onD.at6.Theywantedtoswim_therivertothechurch.A.acrossB.overC.crossD.through7.表示目的介词:for(1)for+名词=todosth.eg.togooutforfood=togoouttolookforfoodtogoothepubforadrink=togotothepubtohaveadrink(2)for+doingsth.:表示用处和原因。eg.Thepenisusedforwriting.Hewaspraisedforsavingachild.(3)for+宾语+不定式eg.Iopen

37、edthedoorforyoutocomein.小测试：1.Hewenttothecollege_ProfessorWang.A.forseeingB.withseeingC.toseeD.fortosee2.Hewenttothecollege_aninterviewwithProfessorWang.A.withB.forC.onD.forhaving3.Isthatcake_orjust_.A.toeat;tolookatB.toeat;forlookingatC.foreating;tolookatD.foreating;forlookingat4.Itsusual_foxestoco

38、mesoclosetotown.A.ofB.withC.forD.to5.Itisimportant_theretobeplentyofdiscussion.A.thatB.whichC.forD.with6.Itistoolate_anyoneintheroom.A.forB.fortobeC.forittobeD.fortheretobe7.Imanxious_thepartytobeasuccess.A.aboutB.withC.ofD.for8.表示价值等量交换介词:(1)at:用示表示“以的价格或速度。eg.atalowcost/atahighprice/atatop(full)sp

39、eed/atfiftykmsanhour(2)for:用示表示“等价交换。eg.achickenforfivedollars/acheckfor1,000dollars小测试：1.Iboughtthebook_oneyuanacopy.A.atB.onC.byD.in2.Icantbuythehouse_suchaprice.A.forB.onC.withD.at3.Thespaceshipleavestheground_highspeed.A.withB.onC.atD.for4.Theoldmansoldhisoldcar_twothousanddollars.A.withB.atC.forD.on9.表示关系介词:of,from,on,about和to等。(1)of:表示所属、关于、同位或讲明事物的性质、内容、eg.theroofofthehouse(所属)/storiesofLeiFeng(关于)5.