英国历史简介Brief Introduction of English History.docx

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1、英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistoryTheOriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066)I.EarlySettlers5000BC-55BCTheIberiansTheBeakerFolkTheCeltsII.RomanBritain(55BC-410AD)BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.In55BCand54BC,Jul

2、iusCaesar,aRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.InAD43,theEmperorClaudiusinvadedBritainsuccessfully.Fornearly400years,BritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,thoughitwasneveratotaloccupation.III.TheAnglo-Saxons(446-871)Inthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeut

3、onictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland,cametoBritainfirst.AJutishchiefbecametheKingofKentin449.ThentheSaxons,usersoftheshort-swordfromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdominEssex,SussexandWessexfromtheendofthe5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6thcentury.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngles

4、,whoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.IVVikingandDanishinvasionsTheinvadersweretheNorwegiansandtheDanes.They

5、attackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.Theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianityin867.Bythemiddleof9th英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistorycentury,theViking

6、andtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessex.AlfredwasakingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeast,whileheruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintoChristians.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnav

7、y.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.HetranslatedaLatinbookintoEnglish.Healsoestablishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“AlfredtheGreat.VTheNormanConquest(1066)TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmost

8、allthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andthecivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,la

9、nguage,mannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.TheShapingoftheNation1066-1381NormanRule1066-1381WilliamsRule1066-1087KingHenryIIandhisreformsTheGreatCharterTheoriginsoftheEnglishParliamentTheHundredYearsWa

10、rTheHundredYearsWarreferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlastedintermittentlyfrom1337to1453.The英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistorycausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.TheterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepossessionbytheEnglishkingsofthel

11、argeduchyinFrance，whiletheFrenchkingscovetedthislargeslice.TheeconomiccauseswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders，whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool，buttheywereloyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.Besides，EnglandsdesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseofnationalismweretheotherc

12、auses.TheEnglishbeingdrivenoutofFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries.IftheEnglishhadremainedinFrance，thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity，whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.TheBlackDeathTheBlack

13、DeathisthemodernnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348.ItreducedEnglandspopulationfromfourmilliontotwomillionbytheendofthe14thcentury.ThePeasantUprisingof1381ArmedvillagersandtownsmenofKentandEssex，ledbyWatTylerandJackSt

14、raw，movedonLondoninJune，1381.Thekingwasforcedtoaccepttheirdemands.Mostoftherebelsdispersedandwenthome，whileTylerandotherleadersstayedonformorerights.Tylerwaskilledatameetingwiththeking.Theuprisingwasbrutallysuppressed，butithadfar-reachingsignificanceinEnglishhistory.First，itdirectedagainsttherichcle

15、rgy，lawyersandthelandowners.Second，itdealtatellingblowtovilleinage，andthird，anewclassofyeomenfarmersemerged，pavingthewaytothedevelopmentofcapitalism.英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistoryTransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1688)TheWarsofRoseThenameWarsoftheRoseswasr

16、efertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster，symbolizedbythereadrose，andthatofYork，symbolizedbythewhite，from1455to1485.HenryTudor，descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars，Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilit

17、ywasmuchweakened.TheEnglishReformationHenryVIIIwasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreformofthechurch.Therewerethreemaincauses：adesireforchangeandreforminthechurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsandnow，encouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther，manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome；theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywe

18、reresented；andHenryneededmoney.ElizabethI1558-1603TheEnglishRenaissanceTheCivilWarsBecauseoftheabsoluteruleofCharles，theconfrontationbetweenCharlesIandtheparliamentdevelopedintothecivilwar.ThewarbeganonAugust22，1642andendedin1651.CharlesIwascondemnedtodeath.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalledthePuritanRe

19、volution.IthasbeenseenasaconflictbetweentheparliamentandtheKing，andaconflictbetweeneconomicinterestsoftheCrown.TheeconomicinterestsoftheurbanmiddleclassedcoincidedwiththeirreligiousPuritanideologywhiletheCrownstraditionaleconomicinterestscorrespondinglyalliedwithAnglicanreligiousbelief.TheEnglishCiv

20、ilWarnotonlyoverthrewfeudalsysteminEnglandbutalsoshookthefoundationofthefeudalruleinEurope.Itisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistoryTheRestorationWhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhisson，Richard，t

21、heregimebegantocollapse.OneofCromwellsgeneralsGeorgeMonck，occupiedLondonandarrangedfornewparliamentaryelections.TheParliamentthuswaselectedin1660resolvedthecrisisbyaskingthelateKingssontoreturnfromhisexileinFranceasKingCharlesII.ItwascalledtheRestoration.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688In1685CharlesIIdie

22、dandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope，wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII，andappealedtoaProtestantking，WilliamofOrange，toinvadeandtakethe

23、Englishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth，withnobloodshed，noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.TheGunpowderPlotof1605TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5，1605，afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandh

24、isministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgun-powderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellow-conspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5，whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarra

25、nged.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire1688-1990WhigsandToriesoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolution1688.英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistoryAgriculturalChangesintheLate18thCenturyDuringthelate18thandearly19thcenturies，the“open-fieldsystemendedwhentheEnclosureAct

26、waspassed.Themovementlastedforcenturies.TheIndustrialRevolution1780-1830TheindustrialRevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.TheChartistMovement1836-1848ParliamentaryreformsThreeReformBillsBetween18

27、32and1884threeReformBillswerepassed.TheReformActof1832TheReformActof1832alsocalledthe“GreaterCharterof1832abolishedrottenboroughs“，andredistributedparliamentaryseatsmorefairlyamongthegrowingtows.Italsogavethevotetomanyhouseholdersandtenants，basedonthevalueoftheirproperty.APeoplesCharterTherewaswides

28、preaddissatisfactionwiththeReformActof1832andtheNewPoorLaw.In1836，agroupofskilledworkersandsmallshopkeepersformedtheLondonWorkingMensAssociation.TheydrewupacharterofpoliticaldemandsaPeople?sCharterin1838，withtheintentionofpresentingittoParliament.Ithadsixpoints：1thevoteforalladultmales；2votingbysecr

29、etballot；3equalelectoraldistricts；4abolitionofpropertyqualificationsformembersofParliament；5paymentofmembersofParliament；6annualParliaments，withaGeneralElectioneveryJune.TradeUnionsandtheLaborPartyColonialExpansion:Thegrowthofdominions英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofE

30、nglishHistoryEnglishcolonialexpansionbeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.EncouragedbyBritainscontroloftheseas，especiallybytherisingtideofemigration，BritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansiontoCanada，Australia，andNewZealand，inthelate18thandtheearly19thcenturies.By1900，Britainhadbuiltupabigem

31、pire，“onwhichthesunneverset。Itconsistedofavastnumberofprotectorates，Crowncolonies，spheresofinfluence，andself-governingdominions.Itincluded25%oftheworld?spopulationandarea.TheConquestofIndiaTheBritishEastIndiaCompanyestablishedin1600.By1819theBritishconquestofmostIndiawasalmostcomplete.Afterthemuting

32、ofBengalarmyin1857，thecontrolofIndiapassedtotheBritishCrownandQueenVictoriabecameEmpressofIndiain1877.TheScrambleforAfricaAtthebeginningofthe19thcenturyBritishpossessionswereconfinedtofortsandslavetradingpostsonthewestcoast.Overthe19thcenturytheinteriorofAfricawasgraduallydiscoveredandcolonizedbyEur

33、opeans.Britainledthewayintherace.ApartfromthecoloniesintheSouthandWest，BritainwasalsoinvolvedintheNorthEastinEgyptandtheSudan.AggressionagainstChinaIn1840，theOpiumWarbrokeoutbetweenBritainandChina.Sincethen，BritaingraduallyinvadedmanycoastalareasandimposedaseriesofunequaltreatiesuponChina.TwentiethC

34、enturyTwoWorldWars英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistory英国历史简介BriefIntroductionofEnglishHistoryTheWorkWarIwasfoughtfrom1914to1918primarilybetweentwoEuropeanPowerblocs：“theCentralpower。GermanyandAustria-Hungary，andthe“Allies，Britain，FranceandRussia.Duringthewar，theBritainlostmuch.Apartfromthelossofm

35、anpower，therehadbeenconsiderabledisruptionoftheeconomyandsociety.OutofthewarsettlementcametheestablishmentoftheLeagueofNations.TheeffectsoftheNewYorkStockMarketCrashof1929soonspreadthroughoutEuropeandby1931BritainwasenteringtheGreatdepression.AsAdolfHitlerandNazismshowedofftheiraggressivemomentuminE

36、urope，Chamberlain，thePrimeMinister，foundhispolicyofappeasementofGermanaggressionwasnolongertenable，andwasforcedtodeclarewaronGermanyonSeptember3，1939.PostwarBritainOneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesoftheWarwasthatithastenedtheendofBritainsempire.In1952PrincessElizabethwascrownedQueenElizabethII.Ma

37、nypeoplethroughtelevisionsawtheceremony.InJanuary1973，BritainbecameafullmemberoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywhichwasstillcalledtheCommonMarketin1973.Britainwitnessedthefirstoilshockin1973.ThatcherismreferredtothepoliciesputforwardbyMargaretThatcher，thefirstwomanprimeministerinEnglandin1979.Themainco

38、ntentsofherpoliciesincludedthereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries，theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation，theweakeningoftradeunionsthestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy，andanemphasisonlawandorder.TosomeextentherprogramwassuccessfulandsheledoneofthemostremarkableperiodsintheBritisheconomy.