托福阅读多项选择题多少分.docx

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1、托福浏览多项选择题多少分托福浏览多项选择题多少分楚薇9托福浏览部分，多项选择题内容的难度会更大，那么相应的分数也会比拟高。那么详细的托福浏览中，都有哪些题目是多项选择题，算分方法是如何的呢?为了让大家更好的来积累练习这部分内容，下面我为大家整理了具体的内容，供大家参考!托福浏览多项选择题多少分填表题，SUMMARY3空2分，答对2题给1分CHART5空3分题对4拿2分对3拿1分7空4分题，对6拿3分对5拿2分对4拿1分2021年托福考生经历沟通群由此可见，托福浏览多项选择题的分值还是很高的，那么，在托福浏览考试经过，我们怎么做到尽可能不失分呢?首先我们就要做到下面几点：1、假如在托福浏览文章中

2、有主题句，结合主题句与主题句无关的，砍了，不是主要观点的，埋了，最后那些与文章无关或着根本就是错的，拖出去枪毙5分钟，剩下的基本上就是答案了。2、一般人最容易犯的错误是将非主要观点判定为主要观点我们能够采用的高分技巧就是看一看，他讲的内容在整篇都谈到了?还是只要一段?假如全谈到了，那么就是主要，反之就不是。托福浏览背景知识：文明发展史托福浏览真题再现：版本一：讲某个文明，讲多个原因导致其发展。一是葡萄藤和橄榄树的引入，和传统农作物不冲突，无论土地还是收获期。这使人们能够从事其他如炼金属青铜什么的。然后这导致了不同group的争斗，争夺资源和specialist。总体和某个TPO浏览很像。版本二

3、：讲希腊文明，全文大意一句总结：traditionalanalysisfocusedonexternalinfluences,buttheprofessorthinksfromtheperspectiveofMUTILIEREFFECT(考点)，whichcombinedseveralinteralimpacts.版本三：地中海地区某一时间一些国家的发展A国发展之一种了Oliva什么的一种长在岛上不用在Farm上而且工人对这种作物的劳动时间也和其他作物不一样，所以能大力发展，还有一种是Bronze的发展解析：本文讲文明发展史。主要讨论的是某文明发展的原因，主旨明确，构造明晰，每段首句为topi

4、csentence的可能性较高。大家在浏览文章之前能够先跳到最后一题(文章总结题)的位置看看那句对于文章总结的句子。对于大家从整体上把握文章的构造非常有帮助。从文章构造与内容上，都非常接近TPO8的文章TheRiseofTeotihucan。托福浏览相关背景：SumerSumer(fromAkkadian?umeru;Sumerianki-en-?ir15,approximatelylandofthecivilizedkingsornativelandnote1)wasanancientcivilizationandhistoricalregioninsouthernMesopotamia,m

5、odern-daysouthernIraq,duringtheChalcolithicandEarlyBronzeAge.Althoughtheearliestformsofwritingintheregiondonotgobackmuchfurtherthanc.3500BC,modernhistorianshavesuggestedthatSumerwasfirstpermanentlysettledbetweenc.5500and4000BCbyanon-SemiticpeoplewhomayormaynothavespokentheSumerianlanguage(pointingto

6、thenamesofcities,rivers,basicoccupations,etc.asevidence).1234Theseconjectured,prehistoricpeoplearenowcalledproto-EuphrateansorUbaidians,5andaretheorizedtohaveevolvedfromtheSamarracultureofnorthernMesopotamia(Assyria).6789TheUbaidianswerethefirstcivilizingforceinSumer,drainingthemarshesforagriculture

7、,developingtrade,andestablishingindustries,includingweaving,leatherwork,metalwork,masonry,andpottery.5However,somescholarssuchasPiotrMichalowskiandGerdSteiner,contesttheideaofaProto-Euphrateanlanguageoronesubstratelanguage.Ithasbeensuggestedbythemandothers,thattheSumerianlanguagewasoriginallythatoft

8、hehunterandfisherpeoples,wholivedinthemarshlandandtheEasternArabialittoralregion,andwerepartoftheArabianbifacialculture.10Reliablehistoricalrecordsbeginmuchlater;therearenoneinSumerofanykindthathavebeendatedbeforeEnmebaragesi(c.26thcenturyBC).ProfessorJurisZarinsbelievestheSumeriansweresettledalongt

9、hecoastofEasternArabia,todaysPersianGulfregion,beforeitfloodedattheendoftheIceAge.11SumerianliteraturespeaksoftheirhomelandbeingDilmun.SumerologistSamuelNoahKramerassertsNopeoplehascontributedmoretothecultureofmankindthantheSumeriansandyetitisonlycomparativelyrecentlythatwehavebuiltupaknowledgeofthe

10、existenceofthisancientculture.12SumeriancivilizationtookformintheUrukperiod(4thmillenniumBC),continuingintotheJemdatNasrandEarlyDynasticperiods.Duringthe3rdmillenniumBC,acloseculturalsymbiosisdevelopedbetweentheSumerians(whospokealanguageisolate)andtheSemiticAkkadianspeakers,whichincludedwidespreadb

11、ilingualism.13TheinfluenceofSumerianonAkkadian(andviceversa)isevidentinallareas,fromlexicalborrowingonamassivescale,tosyntactic,morphological,andphonologicalconvergence.13ThishaspromptedscholarstorefertoSumerianandAkkadianinthe3rdmillenniumBCasasprachbund.13SumerwasconqueredbytheSemitic-speakingking

12、softheAkkadianEmpirearound2270BC(shortchronology),butSumeriancontinuedasasacredlanguage.NativeSumerianrulere-emergedforaboutacenturyintheThirdDynastyofUr(SumerianRenaissance)ofthe21stto20thcenturiesBC,buttheAkkadianlanguagealsoremainedinuse.TheSumeriancityofEridu,onthecoastofthePersianGulf,wasthewor

13、ldsfirstcity,wherethreeseparateculturesfused-thatofpeasantUbaidianfarmers,livinginmud-brickhutsandpracticingirrigation;thatofmobilenomadicSemiticpastoralistslivinginblacktentsandfollowingherdsofsheepandgoats;andthatoffisherfolk,livinginreedhutsinthemarshlands,whomayhavebeentheancestorsoftheSumerians

14、.14Theirrigatedfarmingtogetherwithannualreplenishmentofsoilfertilityandthesurplusofstorablefoodintemplegranariescreatedbythiseconomyallowedthepopulationofthisregiontorisetolevelsneverbeforeseen,unlikethosefoundinearlierculturesofshiftingcultivators.Thismuchgreaterpopulationdensityinturncreatedandreq

15、uiredanextensivelabourforceanddivisionoflabourwithmanyspecialisedartsandcrafts.Atthesametime,historicoveruseoftheirrigatedsoilsledtoprogressivesalinisation,andaMalthusiancrisiswhichledtodepopulationoftheSumerianregionovertime,leadingtoitsprogressiveeclipsebytheAkkadiansofmiddleMesopotamia.Sumerwasal

16、sothesiteofearlydevelopmentofwriting,progressingfromastageofproto-writinginthemid4thmillenniumBCtowritingproperinthe3rdmillenniumBC(seeJemdetNasrperiod).托福浏览背景知识：动物迁徙托福浏览真题再现：版本一：某些动物长大以后离开出生地生存，有些不会。主要讲不能够的。举了两个例子。第一个是松鼠，雄鼠长大后飞走，雌鼠不会。第二个例子是狮子，雄狮子长大了以后会离开，原因是打不过原来的领袖，被赶跑。雌性狮子则会留在群落帮助找吃的。版本二：讲动物离开出生点

17、行为，原因一：某鼠离开出生点，雄150米，雌50米，由于能防止近亲繁衍导致基因病，同时雌性在一起能养小鼠方便。原因二：狮子，群内争斗呀，劳什子排斥呀什么的。版本三：动物的disperse,刚开场讲为什么动物要离开熟悉的foodrich的地方而去其他地方。其中讲了一种动物男女的分布是不一样的，女的离原来的家50米，男的150米，不同的原因是防止近亲结婚导致孩子多病不易存活，另外女的离家近更有好处，家里能够给她提供保护，然后男的要更远的地方对抗敌人，有可能被竞争者replace而离开，然后有个lion的例子托福浏览词汇：squirreln松鼠dispersev分散Inbreedingn近亲交配ge

18、nopathyn遗传病解析：本文围绕动物为何离开出生地这个主题展开论证。做题时需注意记录笔记，对于构造化浏览及最后一题的解答有很大好处。动物行为主题是托福浏览常见考点，构造不难理解。需注意各例证和主题的支撑关系。由于条理明晰，最后一题尽量考虑从正面选出，排除为辅。托福浏览相关背景：AnimalInbreedingInbreedingistheproductionofoffspringfromthematingorbreedingofindividualsororganismswhicharecloselyrelatedgenetically,incontrasttooutcrossing,wh

19、ichreferstomatingunrelatedindividuals.1Byanalogy,thetermisusedinhumanreproduction,butmorecommonlyreferstothegeneticdisordersandotherconsequencesthatmayarisefromincestuoussexualrelationshipsandconsanguinity.Inbreedingresultsinhomozygosity,whichcanincreasethechancesofoffspringbeingaffectedbyrecessiveo

20、rdeleterioustraits.2Thisgenerallyleadstoadecreasedbiologicalfitnessofapopulation,34(calledinbreedingdepression)whichisitsabilitytosurviveandreproduce.Anindividualwhoinheritssuchdeleterioustraitsisreferredtoasinbred.Theavoidanceofsuchdeleteriousrecessiveallelescausedbyinbreedingisthemainselectivereas

21、onforoutcrossing.56Inbreedingisatechniqueusedinselectivebreeding.Inlivestockbreeding,breedersmayuseinbreedingwhen,forexample,tryingtoestablishanewanddesirabletraitinthestock,butwillneedtowatchforundesirablecharacteristicsinoffspring,whichcanthenbeeliminatedthroughfurtherselectivebreedingorculling.In

22、breedingisusedtorevealdeleteriousrecessivealleles,whichcanthenbeeliminatedthroughassortativebreedingorthroughculling.Inplantbreeding,inbredlinesareusedasstocksforthecreationofhybridlinestomakeuseoftheeffectsofheterosis.Inbreedinginplantsalsooccursnaturallyintheformofself-pollination.Offspringofbiolo

23、gicallyrelatedpersonsaresubjecttothepossibleimpactofinbreeding,suchascongenitalbirthdefects.Thechancesofsuchdisordersisincreasedtheclosertherelationshipofthebiologicalparents.(Seecoefficientofinbreeding.)Thisisbecausesuchpairingsincreasetheproportionofhomozygouszygotesintheoffspring,inparticulardele

24、teriousrecessivealleles,thatproducesuchdisorders.7(Seeinbreedingdepression.)Becausemostrecessiveallelesarerareinpopulations,itisunlikelythattwounrelatedmarriagepartnerswillbothbecarriersofthealleles.However,becausecloserelativessharealargefractionoftheiralleles,theprobabilitythatanysuchdeleteriousal

25、leleisinheritedfromthecommonancestorthroughbothparentsisincreaseddramatically.Contrarytocommonbelief,inbreedingdoesnotinitselfalterallelefrequencies,butratherincreasestherelativeproportionofhomozygotestoheterozygotes.However,becausetheincreasedproportionofdeleterioushomozygotesexposesthealleletonatu

26、ralselection,inthelongrunitsfrequencydecreasesmorerapidlyininbredpopulation.Intheshortterm,incestuousreproductionisexpectedtoproduceincreasesinspontaneousabortionsofzygotes,perinataldeaths,andpostnataloffspringwithbirthdefects.8Theremayalsobeotherdeleteriouseffectsbesidesthosecausedbyrecessivediseas

27、es.Thus,similarimmunesystemsmaybemorevulnerabletoinfectiousdiseases(seeMajorhistocompatibilitycomplexandsexualselection).9托福浏览背景知识：怎样判定地质年龄托福浏览真题再现：版本1:文章先讲太阳系里的东西都有一样的起源。先是讲所有的东西是在一起的，然后讲地球由于地表的水、火山活动和一个什么经过使得地球连最古老的石头都没有了。所以只能测定月球的陨石的成分了，结论是月球的外表和陨石的时间都是46亿年。由于月球外表没有地球的这些活动，所以能够测定。后面又讲宇宙的星系都在不断地拉开

28、距离，通过星系的红移能够确定距离还有速度，发现宇宙一直在膨胀。发现宇宙在137亿年前是一个点。然后就有了宇宙大爆炸。版本2：讲地球和宇宙年龄的测量。先讲太阳系大部分物质是同一时间构成的，然后讲地球年龄难是由于谁腐蚀。接着引入一种物质，能够通过同位素测年龄。结果是和月球上的最古老的石头近似。然后讲宇宙在膨胀，大爆炸。通过红移测年龄。版本3：天文类，某种地球上的物质和月球上最古老的物质证实他。都始于自4.6million年前，于是证实太阳系的年龄是4.6Millionyears.另外还有种通过判定各星球一种wavelength的大小推断出他们在多少年前都是从个spot发展出来，于是判定了bigba

29、ng的时间。托福浏览相关词汇：origin起源meteorite陨石galaxy星系expansion膨胀redshift红移wavelength波长解析：天文主题文章的词汇专业性较强，需要提早对相关专题的TPO文章的生词熟悉，尽量减少生词恐惧带来的内耗。另外，出现天文理论的文章，构造通常都会比拟明晰，但要着重识别对理论内容的态度倾向。托福浏览相关背景：a.BigBangTheBigBangtheoryistheprevailingcosmologicalmodelfortheearlydevelopmentoftheuniverse.Accordingtothetheory,theBigBa

30、ngoccurredapproximately13.82billionyearsago,whichisthusconsideredtheageoftheuniverse.Atthistime,theuniversewasinanextremelyhotanddensestateandwasexpandingrapidly.Aftertheinitialexpansion,theuniversecooledsufficientlytoallowtheformationofsubatomicparticles,includingprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Thoug

31、hsimpleatomicnucleiformedwithinthefirstthreeminutesaftertheBigBang,thousandsofyearspassedbeforethefirstelectricallyneutralatomsformed.ThemajorityofatomsthatwereproducedbytheBigBangarehydrogen,alongwithheliumandtracesoflithium.Giantcloudsoftheseprimordialelementslatercoalescedthroughgravitytoformstar

32、sandgalaxies,andtheheavierelementsweresynthesizedeitherwithinstarsorduringsupernovae.b.AcceleratinguniverseTheacceleratinguniverseistheobservationthattheuniverseappearstobeexpandingatanincreasingrate.Informalterms,thismeansthatthecosmicscalefactorhasapositivesecondderivative,1sothatthevelocityatwhic

33、hadistantgalaxyisrecedingfromusshouldbecontinuouslyincreasingwithtime.2In1998,observationsoftypeIasupernovaealsosuggestedthattheexpansionoftheuniversehasbeenaccelerating34sincearoundredshiftofz0.5.5The2006ShawPrizeinAstronomyandthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysicswerebothawardedtoSaulPerlmutter,BrianP.Schmidt

34、,andAdamG.Riess,whoin1998asleadersoftheSupernovaCosmologyProject(Perlmutter)andtheHigh-ZSupernovaSearchTeam(SchmidtandRiess)discoveredtheacceleratingexpansionoftheUniversethroughobservationsofdistant(High-Z)supernovae.67observations.editThesimplestevidenceforacceleratingexpansioncomesfromthebrightne

35、ss/redshiftrelationfordistantType-Iasupernovae;theseareverybrightexplodingwhitedwarfs,whoseintrinsicluminositycanbedeterminedfromtheshapeofthelight-curve.Repeatedimagingofselectedareasofskyisusedtodiscoverthesupernovae,andthenfollowupobservationsgivetheirpeakbrightnessandredshift.Thepeakbrightnessis

36、thenconvertedintoaquantityknownasluminositydistance(seedistancemeasuresincosmologyfordetails).Forsupernovaeatredshiftlessthanaround0.1,orlighttraveltimelessthan10percentoftheageoftheuniverse,thisgivesanearlylinearredshift/distancerelationduetoHubbleslaw.Atlargerdistances,sincetheexpansionrateoftheun

37、iversehasgenerallychangedovertime,thedistance/redshiftrelationdeviatesfromlinearity,andthisdeviationdependsonhowtheexpansionratehaschangedovertime.ThefullcalculationrequiresintegrationoftheFriedmannequation,butthesignofthedeviationcanbegivenasfollows:theredshiftdirectlygivesthecosmicscalefactoratthe

38、timethesupernovaexploded,forexampleasupernovawithameasuredredshiftimpliestheUniversewasofitspresentsizewhenthesupernovaexploded.Inanacceleratinguniverse,theuniversewasexpandingmoreslowlyinthepastthantoday,whichmeansittookalongertimetoexpandfrom2/3to1.0timesitspresentsizecomparedtoanon-acceleratingun

39、iverse.Thisresultsinalargerlight-traveltime,largerdistanceandfaintersupernovae,whichcorrespondstotheactualobservations:whencomparedtonearbysupernovae,supernovaeatsubstantialredshifts0.2-1.0areobservedtobefainter(moredistant)thanisallowedinanyhomogeneousnon-acceleratingmodel.CorroborationeditAfterthe

40、initialdiscoveryin1998,theseobservationswerecorroboratedbyseveralindependentsources:thecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationandlargescalestructure,8apparentsizeofbaryonacousticoscillations,9ageoftheuniverse,10aswellasimprovedmeasurementsofsupernovae,1112X-raypropertiesofgalaxyclustersandObservationalH(

41、z)Data.13ExplanatorymodelseditModelsattemptingtoexplainacceleratingexpansionincludesomeformofdarkenergy,darkfluidorphantomenergy.Themostimportantpropertyofdarkenergyisthatithasnegativepressurewhichisdistributedrelativelyhomogeneouslyinspace.Thesimplestexplanationfordarkenergyisthatitisacosmologicalc

42、onstantorvacuumenergy;thisleadstotheLambda-CDMmodel,whichhasgenerallybeenknownastheStandardModelofCosmologyfrom2003throughthepresent,sinceitisthesimplestmodelingoodagreementwithavarietyofrecentobservations.Alternatively,someauthors(e.g.Benoit-LvyChardin14,Hajdukovic15,Villata16)havearguedthattheuniv

43、erseexpansionaccelerationcouldbeduetoarepulsivegravitationalinteractionofantimatter.TheoriesfortheconsequencestotheuniverseeditAstheUniverseexpands,thedensityofradiationandordinaryanddarkmatterdeclinesmorequicklythanthedensityofdarkenergy(seeequationofstate)and,eventually,darkenergydominates.Specifi

44、cally,whenthescaleoftheuniversedoubles,thedensityofmatterisreducedbyafactorof8,butthedensityofdarkenergyisnearlyunchanged(itisexactlyconstantifthedarkenergyisacosmologicalconstant).Currentobservationsindicatethatthedarkenergydensityisalreadygreaterthanthemass-energydensityofradiationandmatter(includ

45、ingdarkmatter).Inmodelswheredarkenergyisacosmologicalconstant,theuniversewillexpandexponentiallywithtimefromnowon,comingcloserandclosertoadeSitterspacetime.Inthisscenariothetimeittakesforthelinearsizescaleoftheuniversetoexpandtodoubleitssizeisapproximately11.4billionyears.Eventuallyallgalaxiesbeyond

46、ourownlocalsuperclusterwillredshiftsofarthatitwillbecomehardtodetectthem,andthedistantuniversewillturndark.Inothermodels,thedensityofdarkenergychangeswithtime.Inquintessencemodelsitdecreases,butmoreslowlythantheenergydensityinordinarymatterandradiation.Inphantomenergymodelsitincreaseswithtime,leadingtoabigrip.托福浏览多项选择题多少分