托福阅读文章构造划分最全解读.docx

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1、托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读托福浏览怎样才能快速又高效呢?本文将具体解答托福浏览文章的构造划分，帮助正在备考托福中以为托福浏览索然无趣的同学，快速找到解答托福浏览的方法。托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读在官方指南当中，ETS给出了托福浏览的常见四种构造，下面我们就来分别看一看：第一种，因果类文章构造，也就是全文都是围绕着某个现象进行解释。典型文章desertformation，在文章开始的第一段就出现这样的内容：Thedeserts,whichalreadyoccupyapproximatelyafourthoftheEarthslandsurface,haveinre

2、centdecadesbeenincreasingatanalarmingpace.Theexpansionofdesert-likeconditionsintoareaswheretheydidnotpreviouslyexistiscalleddesertification.首先对沙漠的现状进行了描绘，紧接着就赶紧扣题下定义，告诉我们什么是沙漠化。现象交代完了之后，出题段的第三段就迅速展开了原因的描绘，我们发现第三段和第五段开始分别是这样的：Evenintheareasthatretainasoilcover,thereductionofvegetationtypicallyresults

3、inthelossofthesoilsabilitytoabsorbsubstantialquantitiesofwater.以及Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.这样就交代了两个原因，分别是lossofvegetation和soilsabilitytoabsorbwater.同学们读到这里就要开场有预判定了，意料下面能否开场讲一些其他的原因呢?带着这样的疑问去看，发现第六段讲的是：Fours

4、pecificactivitieshavebeenidentifiedasmajorcontributorstothedesertificationprocesses:overcultivation,overgrazing,firewoodgathering,andoverirrigation.第九段针对overirrigation展开阐述。果然是另外的沙漠化的原因，接着第十段就是对沙漠化的前景进行瞻望。至此整篇文章的构造就很清楚了。了解了文章的构造对于接下来的文章会有预判定，读起来就会前后连贯，会有效减少文章浏览的心理难度。第二种文章构造是分类，最典型的例子就是aggression。开始第一

5、段交代了Whenoneanimalattacksanother,itengagesinthemostobviousexampleofaggressivebehavior.Psychologistshaveadoptedseveralapproachestounderstandingaggressivebehaviorinpeople.于是我们大概知道文章是对aggression的研究方法进行阐述，果然文章非常清楚地用黑体字标注出了三种研究方法，分别是TheBiologicalApproach和ThePsychodynamicApproach以及TheCognitiveApproach.至此文章

6、构造一目了然，我们很清楚知道文章分成了三个部分，每一部分之间是并列关系。最为典型的是artisanandindustrialization.整篇文章也是分为了两个部分，前两段都在讲手工作坊时代的生产方法，从第三段开场介绍机器大工业生产的情况以及带来的工人罢工。固然整篇文章共有6段，但是我们假如能够判定出文章的构造就能够轻易地将文章分为两个部分，而且两部分之间还是比拟比照的关系，就将一篇长文章读短了，降低浏览难度。最后一种文章构造是问题解决方法型，典型文章是DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer，前四段介绍了Ogallala含水层的发现以及使用过度带来的问题，后两段就开场介绍

7、治理的方法。这种文章的构造不如因果类的明显，但是可以以通过这样的思路将文章前后串起来，降低浏览难度。当然，随着官方真题Official的不断更新，越来越多的文章构造开场出现，比方时间顺序，或者一篇文章中出现多种文章构造杂糅，无论是何种样貌出现，同学们都要能够将作者的写作思路找出来，将文章展现的散落一地的珍珠串成更易于佩戴的珍珠项链。这样在做题目的时候就愈加成竹在胸，也会觉得眼前的文章不再冗长地让人烦躁。托福浏览真题1PASSAGE23Althoughonly1personin20intheColonialperiodlivedinacity,thecitieshadadisproportion

8、ateinfluenceonthedevelopmentofNorthAmerica.Theywereatthecuttingedgeofsocialchange.Itwasinthecitiesthattheelementsthatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappearedtheuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,

9、andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoatorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools.Thecitiespredictedthefuture,wrotehistorianGary.B.Nash,eventhoughtheywerebutovergrownvillagescomparedtothegreaturbancentersofEurope,theMiddleEastandChina.ExceptforBoston,whosepopulationstabilizedatabo

10、ut16,000in1760,citiesgrewbyexponentialleapsthroughtheeighteenthcentury.InthefifteenyearspriortotheoutbreakoftheWarforindependencein1775,morethan200,000immigrantsarrivedonNorthAmericanshores.ThismeantthatapopulationthesizeofBostonwasarrivingeveryyear,andmostofitflowedintotheportcitiesintheNortheast.P

11、hiladelphiaspopulationnearlydoubtedinthoseyears,reachingabout30,000in1774,NewYorkgrewatalmostthesamerate,reachingabout25,000by1775.Thequalityofthehinterlanddictatedthepaceofgrowthofthecities.ThelandsurroundingBostonhadalwaysbeenpoorfarmcountry,andbythemid-eighteenthcenturyitwasvirtuallystrippedofits

12、timber.Theavailablefarmlandwasoccupied,therewaslittleintheregionbeyondthecitytoattractimmigrants.NewYorkandPhiladelphia,bycontrast,servedarichandfertilehinterlandlacedwithnavigablewatercourses.Scots,Irish,andGermanslandedinthesecitiesandfollowedtheriversinland.TheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPh

13、iladelphiabecamethebreadbasketsofNorthAmerica,sendinggrainnotonlytoothercoloniesbutalsotoEnglandandsouthernEurope,wherecripplingdroughtsinthelate1760screatedawholenewmarket.1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofNorthAmericaintheeighteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theeffectsofwaronthegrowthofciti

14、es(B)Thegrowthandinfluenceofcities(C)Thedeclineoffarminginareassurroundingcities(D)Thecausesofimmigrationtocities2.WhydoestheauthorsaythatthecitieshadadisproportionateinfluenceonthedevelopmentofNorthAmerica(lines1-2)?(A)Theinfluenceofthecitieswasmostlynegative(B)Thepopulationsofthecitiesweresmall,bu

15、ttheirinfluencewasgreat.(C)Thecitiesweregrowingatagreatrate.(D)Mostpeoplepretendedtoliveincities3.Thephraseinplaceofinlines4-5isclosestinmeaningto(A)connectedto(B)inadditionto(C)becauseof(D)insteadof4.Thewordattendantinline6isclosestinmeaningto(A)avoidable(B)accompanying(C)unwelcome(D)unexpected5.Wh

16、ichofthefollowingismentionedasanelementofmoderncapitalism?(A)Opencompetition(B)Socialdeference(C)Socialhierarchy(D)Independentcraftspeople6.ItcanbeinferredthatincomparisonwithNorthAmericancities,citiesinEurope,theMiddleEast,andChinahad(A)largepopulations(B)littleindependence(C)frequentsocialdisorder

17、(D)fewpowersources7.Thephraseexponentialleapsinline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)longwars(B)newlaws(C)rapidincreases(D)excitingchanges8.Theworditinline15refersto(A)population(B)size(C)Boston(D)Year9.HowmanyimmigrantsarrivedinNorthAmericabetween1760and1775?(A)About16,000(B)About25,000(C)About30,000(D)More

18、than200,00010.Theworddictatedinline18isclosestinmeaningto(A)spoiled(B)reduced(C)determined(D)divided11.Thewordvirtuallyinline20isclosestinmeaningto(A)usually(B)hardly(C)veryquickly(D)almostcompletely12.TheregionsurroundingNewYorkandPhiladelphiaiscontrastedwiththeregionsurroundingBostonintermsof(A)qu

19、alityoffarmland(B)originofimmigrants(C)opportunitiesforfishing(D)typeofgraingrown13.WhydoestheauthordescribetheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiaasbreadbaskets?(A)Theyproducedgrainespeciallyformakingbread.(B)Theystoredlargequantitiesofgrainduringperiodsofdrought(C)Theysuppliedgraintoothe

20、rpartsofNorthAmericaandothercountries.(D)TheyconsumedmoregrainthanalltheotherregionsofNorthAmerica.答案：BBDBAACADCDAC托福浏览真题100篇原文+题目2PASSAGE24ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearinEarthsatmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellites

21、andground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarthsmagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheearthisthe

22、solarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfiled.Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwindsmagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarthsmagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwinds,andforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.But

23、inthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.HeremanyofthesolarwindschargedparticlesbreakthroughthemagnetosphereandenterEarthsmagneticfield.TheythenspiralbackandforthbetweentheEarthsmagneticpolesveryrapidly.Inthepolarregions,electronsfromthesolarwindionizeandexci

24、tetheatomsandmoleculesoftheupperatmosphere,causingthemtoemitauroraradiationsofvisiblelight.Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.Thedominantgreenishwhitelightcomesfromlowenergyexcitationofoxygenatoms.Duringhugemagneticstormsoxygenatomsalsoundergohighenergyexcitationandemitcrimsonlight.Exci

25、tednitrogenatomscontributebandsofcolorvaryingfrombluetoviolet.Viewedfromouterspace,aurorascanbeseenasdimlyglowingbeltswrappedaroundeachoftheEarthsmagneticpoles.Eachaurorahangslikeacurtainoflightstretchingoverthepolarregionsandintothehigherlatitudes.Whenthesolarflaresthatresultinmagneticstormsandauro

26、raactivityareveryintense,auroradisplaysmayextendasfarasthesouthernregionsoftheUnitedStates.Studiesofaurorashavegivenphysicistsnewinformationaboutthebehaviorofplasmas,whichhashelpedtoexplainthenatureofouterspaceandisbeingappliedinattemptstoharnessenergyfromthefusionofatoms.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyd

27、iscuss?(A)Themethodsusedtoobserveaurorasfromouterspace(B)TheformationandappearanceofaurorasaroundtheEarthspoles(C)Thefactorsthatcausethevarietyofcolorsinauroras(D)Theperiodicvariationinthedisplayofauroras2.Thewordphenomenainline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)ideas(B)stars(C)events(D)colors3.Thewordpicturei

28、nline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)frame(B)imagine(C)describe(D)explain4.Thepassagedescribesthemagnetosphereasabarrier(line10)because(A)itspositionmakesitdifficulttobeobservedfromEarth(B)itpreventsparticlesfromthesolarwindfromeasilyenteringEarthsatmosphere(C)itincreasesthespeedofparticlesfromthesolarwind(

29、D)itisstrongestinthepolarregions5.Thewordtheminline16refersto(A)polarregions(B)electrons(C)atomsandmolecules(D)auroraradiations6.Accordingtothepassage,whichcolorappearsmostfrequentlyinanauroradisplay?(A)greenish-white(B)crimson(C)blue(D)violet7.Thewordemitinline20isclosestinmeaningto(A)changefrom(B)

30、connectwith(C)addto(D)giveoff8.Thewordglowinginline22isclosestinmeaningto(A)shining(B)moving(C)charging(D)hanging9.AurorasmaybeseeninthesouthernregionsoftheUnitedSateswhen(A)magneticstormsdonotaffectEarth(B)solarflaresareveryintense(C)thespeedofthesolarwindisreduced(D)theexcitationofatomsislow10.The

31、passagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutscientistsnderstandingofauroras?(A)Beforeadvancesintechnology,includingsatellites,scientistsknewlittleaboutauroras.(B)Newknowledgeaboutthefusionofatomsallowedscientiststolearnmoreaboutauroras.(C)Scientistscannotexplainthecauseofthedifferentcolorsinaur

32、oras.(D)Untilscientistslearnmoreaboutplasmaphysics,littleknowledgeaboutauroraswillbeavailable.11.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?(A)magnetosphere(line6)(B)electrons(line15)(C)ionize(line15)(D)fusion(line29)BCBBCADABAA托福浏览真题100篇原文+题目3PASSAGE25Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyofth

33、erelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances,canbedividedintofourdistincteras:thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcenturywhenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethatfoodcontainedconstituentsthatwereessentialforhumanfunctionandthatdifferentfoodsprov

34、ideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents.Neartheendofthisera,researchstudiesdemonstratedthatrapidweightlosswasassociatedwithnitrogenimbalanceandcouldonlyberectifiedbyprovidingadequatedietaryproteinassociatedwithcertainfoods.Theseconderawasinitiatedintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcenturyandmightbeca

35、lledthevitaminperiod.Vitaminscametoberecognizedinfoods,anddeficiencysyndromesweredescribed.Asvitaminsbecamerecognizedasessentialfoodconstituentsnecessaryforhealth,itbecametemptingtosuggestthateverydiseaseandconditionforwhichtherehadbeennopreviouseffectivetreatmentmightberesponsivetovitamintherapy.At

36、thatpointintime,medicalschoolsstartedtobecomemoreinterestedinhavingtheircurriculaintegratenutritionalconceptsintothebasicsciences.Muchofthefocusofthiseducationwasontherecognitionofvitamindeficiencysymptoms.Hereinlaythebeginningofwhatultimatelyturnedfromignorancetodenialofthevalueofnutritionaltherapi

37、esinmedicine.Recklessclaimsweremadeforeffectsofvitaminsthatwentfarbeyondwhatcouldactuallybeachievedfromtheuseofthem.Inthethirderaofnutritionalhistoryintheearly1950stomid-1960s,vitamintherapybegantofallintodisrepute.Concomitantwiththis,nutritioneducationinmedicalschoolsalsobecamelesspopular.Itwasjust

38、adecadebeforethisthatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyrocketingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitaminsandliteratureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavarietyofhealth-relatedconditions.Expectationsastothesuccessofvitaminsindiseasecontrolwereexaggerated.As

39、isknowninretrospect,vitaminandmineraltherapiesaremuchlesseffectivewhenappliedtohealth-crisisconditionsthanwhenappliedtolong-termproblemsofundernutritionthatleadtochronichealthproblems.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theeffectsofvitaminsonthehumanbody(B)Thehistoryoffoodpreferencesfromthenineteen

40、thcenturytothepresent(C)Thestagesofdevelopmentofclinicalnutritionasafieldofstudy(D)Nutritionalpracticesofthenineteenthcentury2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingdiscoverieswasmadeduringthefirsterainthehistoryofnutrition?(A)Proteinwasrecognizedasanessentialcomponentofdiet.(B)Vitamin

41、sweresynthesizedfromfoods.(C)Effectivetechniquesofweightlossweredetermined.(D)Certainfoodswerefoundtobeharmfultogoodhealth.3.Thewordtemptinginline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)necessary(B)attractive(C)realistic(D)correct4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmedicalschoolsbegantoteachconceptsofnutritioninord

42、erto(A)convincemedicaldoctorstoparticipateinresearchstudiesonnutrition(B)encouragemedicaldoctorstoapplyconceptsofnutritioninthetreatmentofdisease(C)convincedoctorstoconductexperimentalvitamintherapiesontheirpatients(D)supportthecreationofartificialvitamins5.ThewordRecklessinline18isclosestinmeaningt

43、o(A)recorded(B)irresponsible(C)informative(D)urgent6.Thewordtheminline19refersto(A)therapies(B)claims(C)effects(D)vitamins7.Whydidvitamintherapybeginlosingfavorinthe1950s(A)Thepubliclostinterestinvitamins.(B)Medicalschoolsstoppedteachingnutritionalconcepts.(C)Nutritionalresearchwasofpoorquality(D)Cl

44、aimsfortheeffectivenessofvitamintherapywereseentobeexaggerated.8.Thephraseconcomitantwithinline21isclosestinmeaningto(A)inconjunctionwith(B)priorto(C)indisputewith(D)inregardto9.Thewordskyrocketinginline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)internationallypopular(B)increasingrapidly(C)acceptable(D)surprising10.T

45、hewordextollinginline24isclosestinmeaningto(A)analyzing(B)questioning(C)praising(D)promising11.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses(A)thefourtheraofnutritionhistory(B)problemsassociatedwithundernutrition(C)howdrugcompaniesbecamesuccessful(D)whynutritioneducationlostitsappealPASSAGE25CABBBDDABCA托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读