托福TPO3阅读真题Part1原文及答案参考.docx

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1、托福TPO3浏览真题Part1原文及答案参考托福TPO3浏览真题Part1原文及答案参考托福TPO是我们托福浏览的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO3浏览真题Part1原文及答案参考，希望大家喜欢。托福TPO3浏览真题原文：Part1ArchitectureArchitectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspira

2、tions,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajorways.Architectureisathree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mass,texture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywi

3、thavarietyofelements.Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.Itistheworkofarchitectstocreatebuildingsthatarenotsimplyconstructionsbutalsoofferinspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,and

4、areeconomicallyfeasible.Theclientwhopaysforthebuildinganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchitecturalteam.Themediocredesignofmanycontemporarybuildingscanbetracedtobothclientsandarchitects.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethods

5、ofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworldsarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeanalyzedintermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardf

6、orcescreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowithstandtheforcesofcompression(pushingtogether),tension(pullingapart),bending,oracombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthestructure.Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedes

7、ignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniqueso

8、fconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progressinthisareacanbemeasuredbythedifferenceinweightbetweenbuildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredyearsago.Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparat

9、ecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody:asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,andequipment,similartothebodysvitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture-suchasigloosandadobestructures-the

10、rewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.Muchoftheworldsgreatarchitecturehasbeenconstructedofstonebecauseofitsbeauty,permanence,andavailability.Inthepast,wholecitiesgrewfromthearduoustaskofcuttingandpilingstoneupon.SomeoftheworldsfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsoftheancientIn

11、cacityofMachuPicchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsofPeru.Thedoorwaysandwindowsaremadepossiblebyplacingovertheopenspacesthickstonebeamsthatsupporttheweightfromabove.Astructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethephysicallimitationsofstonecouldbeovercomeandnewarchitecturalformscouldbecreated.Thatinventionwast

12、hearch,acurvedstructureoriginallymadeofseparatestoneorbricksegments.ThearchwasusedbytheearlyculturesoftheMediterraneanareachieflyforundergrounddrains,butitwastheRomanswhofirstdevelopedandusedthearchextensivelyinabovegroundstructures.Romanbuildersperfectedthesemicirculararchmadeofseparateblocksofston

13、e.Asamethodofspanningspace,thearchcansupportgreaterweightthanahorizontalbeam.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesides,wheretheweightisbornebytheverticalelementsoneithersideofthearch.Thearchisamongthemanyimportantstructuralbreakthroughsthathavecharacterizedarchitecturethroughoutthece

14、nturies.Paragraph1:Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthechara

15、cterofthehumanenvironmentinmajorways.托福TPO3浏览真题Part1题目1.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutarchitecturearetrueEXCEPT:Architectureisvisualart.Architecturereflectstheculturalvaluesofitscreators.Architecturehasbothartisticandscientificdimensions.Architecturehasanindirecteffectonlife.

16、Paragraph2:Architectureisathree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mass,texture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywithavarietyofelements.Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.Itistheworkofarchitectstocreatebuildingsthatarenotsimpl

17、yconstructionsbutalsoofferinspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.Theclientwhopaysforthebuildinganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchitecturalteam.Themediocredesignofmanycontempor

18、arybuildingscanbetracedtobothclientsandarchitects.2.Thewordfeasibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoinexistencewithoutquestionachievablemostlikely3.ThewordenhanceinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoprotectimproveorganizematchParagraph3:Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspu

19、rpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworldsarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeanalyzedi

20、ntermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardforcescreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowithstandtheforcesofcompression(pushingtogether),tension(pullingapart),bending,oracombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthestructure.4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage

21、?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Unchangingphysicallawshavelimitedthesizeandstrengthofbuildingsthatcanbemadewithmaterialsdiscoveredlongago.Buildingmaterialshavechangedinordertoincreasearchitecturalsizeandstrength,butphysicallawsofstructurehavenotchanged.

22、Whenpeoplefirststartedtobuild,thestructuralmethodsusedtoprovidestrengthandsizewereinadequatebecausetheywerenotbasedonphysicallaws.Unlikebuildingmaterials,themethodsofsupportusedinarchitecturehavenotchangedovertimebecausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws.5.Theworddevisedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocombi

23、nedcreatedintroducedsuggestedParagraph4:Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswo

24、od,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progr

25、essinthisareacanbemeasuredbythedifferenceinweightbetweenbuildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredyearsago.6.Thewordintegralisclosestinmeaningtoessentialvariablepracticalindependent7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutmaterialsusedintheconstructionofbuildings?Becausene

26、wbuildingmaterialsarehardtofind,constructiontechniqueshavechangedverylittlefrompastgenerations.Theavailabilityofsuitablebuildingmaterialsnolongerlimitsthetypesofstructuresthatmaybebuilt.Theprimarybuildingmaterialsthatareavailabletodayarewood,stone,andbrick.Architectsinearliertimesdidnothaveenoughbui

27、ldingmaterialstoencloselargespaces.8.Inparagraph4,whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutmodernbuildings?Theyoccupymuchlessspacethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsago.Theyarenotverydifferentfromthebuildingofafewgenerationsago.Theyweighlessinrelationtotheirsizethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsago.Theyt

28、akealongtimetobuildasaresultoftheircomplexconstructionmethods.Paragraph5:Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody:asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,andequipment,similartothebodysvitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentinc

29、ludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture-suchasigloosandadobestructures-therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.9.Whichofthefollowingcorrectlycharacterizestherelationshipbetweenthehumanbodyandarchitecturethatisdescribedinparagraph5?Com

30、plexequipmentinsidebuildingsistheoneelementinmodernarchitecturethatresemblesacomponentofthehumanbody.Thecomponentsinearlybuildingsweresimilartothreeparticularelementsofthehumanbody.Modernbuildingshavecomponentsthatareaslikelytochangeasthehumanbodyis.Ingeneral,modernbuildingsmorecloselyresemblethehum

31、anbodythanearlierbuildingsdo.Paragraph6:Muchoftheworldsgreatarchitecturehasbeenconstructedofstonebecauseofitsbeauty,permanence,andavailability.Inthepast,wholecitiesgrewfromthearduoustaskofcuttingandpilingstoneupon.SomeoftheworldsfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsoftheancientIncacityofMachuPi

32、cchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsofPeru.Thedoorwaysandwindowsaremadepossiblebyplacingovertheopenspacesthickstonebeamsthatsupporttheweightfromabove.Astructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethephysicallimitationsofstonecouldbeovercomeandnewarchitecturalformscouldbecreated.Thatinventionwasthearch,acurveds

33、tructureoriginallymadeofseparatestoneorbricksegments.ThearchwasusedbytheearlyculturesoftheMediterraneanareachieflyforundergrounddrains,butitwastheRomanswhofirstdevelopedandusedthearchextensivelyinabovegroundstructures.Romanbuildersperfectedthesemicirculararchmadeofseparateblocksofstone.Asamethodofsp

34、anningspace,thearchcansupportgreaterweightthanahorizontalbeam.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesides,wheretheweightisbornebytheverticalelementsoneithersideofthearch.Thearchisamongthemanyimportantstructuralbreakthroughsthathavecharacterizedarchitecturethroughoutthecenturies.10.Thew

35、ordarduousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtodifficultnecessaryskilledshared11.WhydoestheauthorincludeadescriptionofhowthedoorwaysandwindowsofMachuPicchuwereconstructed?ToindicatethatthecombinedskeletonsandskinsofthestonebuildingsofMachuPicchuweresimilartoigloosandadobestructuresToindicatethedifferentk

36、indsofstonesthathadtobecuttobuildMachuPicchuToprovideanillustrationofthekindofconstructionthatwasrequiredbeforearcheswereinventedToexplainhowancientbuildersreducedtheamountoftimenecessarytoconstructbuildingsfromstone12.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthearch?TheRomansweret

37、hefirstpeopletousethestonearch.Theinventionofthearchallowednewarchitecturalformstobedeveloped.Thearchworkedbydistributingthestructuralloadofabuildingtowardthecenterofthearch.TheRomansfollowedearlierpracticesintheiruseofarches.Paragraph5:Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscom

38、parabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,andequipment,similartothebodysvitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture-suchasigloosandadobestructures-therewasnosuchequ

39、ipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcreterorair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifyingskeletonandskin.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?14.Directi

40、ons:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestioniswor

41、th2points.Architectureusesformsandspacetoexpressculturalvalues.AnswerchoicesArchitectsseektocreatebuildingsthatarebothvisuallyappealingandwellsuitedforhumanuse.Overthecourseofthehistoryofbuilding,innovationsinmaterialandmethodsofconstructionhavegivenarchitectsevergreaterfreedomtoexpressthemselves.Th

42、roughouthistorybuildingshavebeenconstructedlikehumanbodies,needingdistinctorgansystemsinordertofunction.Bothclientsandarchitectsareresponsibleforthemediocredesignsofsomemodernbuildings.ModernbuildingstendtolackthebeautyofancientstonebuildingssuchasthoseofMachuPicchu.Thediscoveryanduseofthearchtypifi

43、esthewayinwhicharchitectureadvancesbydevelopingmoreefficienttypesofstructures.托福TPO3浏览真题答案：Part1参考答案：1.42.33.24.45.26.17.28.39.410.111.312.213.414.ArchitectsseektocreateOverthecourseoftheThediscoveryanduseof托福TPO3浏览Part1参考翻译建筑建筑是一门出于实用和象征的双重目的，通过组织和利用空间来实现设计构造的艺术和科学。由于建筑源于人类的需求和愿望，同样可以以清楚地传达文化价值。在所有

44、的视觉艺术中，建筑最直接地影响了我们的生活，由于它在很多方面决定了我们生存的环境特征。建筑是一种利用空间、质量、纹理、线条、光线和颜色的三维立体形式。一幢建筑物必须实现各种要素的和谐搭配。人类本能地希望能够提供寓居并且改善他们生活质量的建筑。建筑师们创造出来的建筑物不单纯的是建筑物，还为人们带来了灵感和喜悦。建筑物为人类的生活提供了遮蔽处和丰富的空间、增加人们的活动场所、完善人们的居所、帮助人们适应气候的变化，同时在经济上可以承受。建筑团队中，最重要的是那些为建筑支付建设费用并且设计其功能的人，很多现代建筑平凡的根源在于客户和建筑师双反。为了到达建筑的目的，一定的大小和强度是必须的。尽管建筑材

45、料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，建筑采用的各种支撑方法自从人们发现它们以来鲜有改变，由于这些方法都建立在物理定律的基础上。世界的建筑构造也由于克制材料限制的目的而发展起来。建筑师们在设计建筑构造的时候需要将重力对材料的影响考虑在内，通过构造设计使建筑不同部分能抵抗压力、拉力、弯曲力或混合的压力。甚至建筑的发展也是由重大的技术变革造成的。材料和建设方法是建筑构造设计整体的组成部分。早期，人们必须设计构造系统来配合当前可用的材料，如木头、石头和砖。现今的技术已经发展到能够创造新的建筑材料来适应想要应用的建筑构造。近几代建筑材料和科技的宏大变化使得包围空间愈加简单、快速，并且用更少的材料。在这一领域的进

46、步能够用如今修建的建筑和100年前建造的同规模建筑之间的重量差异来衡量。类似人类的身体构造，当代建筑能够划分为三个独立的部分：支撑骨架或框架、围住内部空间的外壳以及像人体内器官一样重要的设施。这些设施包括管道、电线、热水和空调。当然，在早期的圆顶建筑和土坯建筑中并没有这样的设施，皮肤和骨骼也往往是合在一起的。世界上大多数伟大的建筑都是石料建筑，由于石料建筑不仅外形漂亮、持久耐用，而且石头随处可得。在过去，整个城市的建筑物都是从艰辛的石块切割和堆砌发展起来的。在秘鲁安第斯山脉东部的马丘比丘印加古城遗址，能够看到世界上最棒的石质建筑。在开阔的空间上放置厚石板来支撑上面的石头，使门和窗的修建成为可能。设计师们必须在克制石头的物理限制以及新建筑形式发展之前发明出建筑构造，这就是拱形构造，即最初由分段的石头或砖块构成的弧形构造。拱最初在地中海早期文化中用来建设地下水渠，但古罗马人最先开发和广泛的利用它作为地上建筑的构造，他们完善了由分段的石块组成的半圆形拱。作为跨越空间的一种方式，拱能够比水平横梁支撑更大的重量。它使得其上的压力转移到两侧，由两侧垂直的部分来承当压力。拱形构造只是近百年来诸多重要建筑构造的突破之一。托福TPO3浏览真题Part1原文及答案参考