托福阅读文章构造划分最全解读_1.docx

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1、托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读托福浏览怎样才能快速又高效呢?本文将具体解答托福浏览文章的构造划分，帮助正在备考托福中以为托福浏览索然无趣的同学，快速找到解答托福浏览的方法。托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读在官方指南当中，ETS给出了托福浏览的常见四种构造，下面我们就来分别看一看：第一种，因果类文章构造，也就是全文都是围绕着某个现象进行解释。典型文章desertformation，在文章开始的第一段就出现这样的内容：Thedeserts,whichalreadyoccupyapproximatelyafourthoftheEarthslandsurface,haveinre

2、centdecadesbeenincreasingatanalarmingpace.Theexpansionofdesert-likeconditionsintoareaswheretheydidnotpreviouslyexistiscalleddesertification.首先对沙漠的现状进行了描绘，紧接着就赶紧扣题下定义，告诉我们什么是沙漠化。现象交代完了之后，出题段的第三段就迅速展开了原因的描绘，我们发现第三段和第五段开始分别是这样的：Evenintheareasthatretainasoilcover,thereductionofvegetationtypicallyresults

3、inthelossofthesoilsabilitytoabsorbsubstantialquantitiesofwater.以及Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.这样就交代了两个原因，分别是lossofvegetation和soilsabilitytoabsorbwater.同学们读到这里就要开场有预判定了，意料下面能否开场讲一些其他的原因呢?带着这样的疑问去看，发现第六段讲的是：Fours

4、pecificactivitieshavebeenidentifiedasmajorcontributorstothedesertificationprocesses:overcultivation,overgrazing,firewoodgathering,andoverirrigation.第九段针对overirrigation展开阐述。果然是另外的沙漠化的原因，接着第十段就是对沙漠化的前景进行瞻望。至此整篇文章的构造就很清楚了。了解了文章的构造对于接下来的文章会有预判定，读起来就会前后连贯，会有效减少文章浏览的心理难度。第二种文章构造是分类，最典型的例子就是aggression。开始第一

5、段交代了Whenoneanimalattacksanother,itengagesinthemostobviousexampleofaggressivebehavior.Psychologistshaveadoptedseveralapproachestounderstandingaggressivebehaviorinpeople.于是我们大概知道文章是对aggression的研究方法进行阐述，果然文章非常清楚地用黑体字标注出了三种研究方法，分别是TheBiologicalApproach和ThePsychodynamicApproach以及TheCognitiveApproach.至此文章

6、构造一目了然，我们很清楚知道文章分成了三个部分，每一部分之间是并列关系。最为典型的是artisanandindustrialization.整篇文章也是分为了两个部分，前两段都在讲手工作坊时代的生产方法，从第三段开场介绍机器大工业生产的情况以及带来的工人罢工。固然整篇文章共有6段，但是我们假如能够判定出文章的构造就能够轻易地将文章分为两个部分，而且两部分之间还是比拟比照的关系，就将一篇长文章读短了，降低浏览难度。最后一种文章构造是问题解决方法型，典型文章是DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer，前四段介绍了Ogallala含水层的发现以及使用过度带来的问题，后两段就开场介绍

7、治理的方法。这种文章的构造不如因果类的明显，但是可以以通过这样的思路将文章前后串起来，降低浏览难度。当然，随着官方真题Official的不断更新，越来越多的文章构造开场出现，比方时间顺序，或者一篇文章中出现多种文章构造杂糅，无论是何种样貌出现，同学们都要能够将作者的写作思路找出来，将文章展现的散落一地的珍珠串成更易于佩戴的珍珠项链。这样在做题目的时候就愈加成竹在胸，也会觉得眼前的文章不再冗长地让人烦躁。托福浏览：指代题型举例分析无论是OG还是Delta，都把浏览的题目分成十类，即：UnderstandingFactsandDetails,IdentifyingNegativeFacts,Loc

8、atingReferents,UnderstandingVocabularyinContext,MakingInferences,DeterminingPurposes,RecognizingParaphrases(Simplifyingsentences),RecognizingCoherence(Sentenceinserting),SummarizingImportantIdeasandOrganizinginformation.还有很重要的一点，做题的时候，无论考试还是练习，不光要分析对的选项为什么对，更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路，培养

9、感觉。这是非常有用的。三、指代定位顾名思义，这种题是要问考生文中的代词详细指代的是什么丁冬，讲专业点叫做先行词antecedent.基本能够分为四类。第一是人称代词或者物主代词，如I，you，our，mine;第二类是从句中的引导词，如what，which，who;第三类是指示代词，this，that(包括其指示的名词，如问thisreason，thatpurpose之类的);第四类是其他的代词，all，most，some，many，theformer，thelatter之类。代词需要遵循的首要原则是就近原则。从前面找离它较近的那个词。找到以后把意义代回到原句中看适宜不适宜就能够了。OG还十分

10、强调了，注意先行词和代词必须人称、单复数一致。总体来讲这种题难度都不大。用OG上的几个例子讲明：先行词，先行词，顾名思义，一般应该在代词前面。根据就近原则就找出来postalservice.代回去看看适宜不适宜，A，distribution有65个office;B销售有65个office，C报纸有65个office，D，邮政服务有65个office.其他几个都太荒唐了。这种题难度相对不大，也就不多讲了。托福浏览真题1OftenenoughthecraftworkersplaceofemploymentinancientGreecewassetinruralisolation.Potter,fo

11、rinstance,founditconvenienttolocatetheirworkshopsneartheirsourceofclay,regardlessofitsrelationtothecenterofsettlement.AtCorinthandAthens,however,twoofthebest-knownpottersquartersweresituatedonthecitiesoutskirts,andpottersandmakersofterra-cottafigurineswerealsoestablishedwellwithinthecityofAthensitse

12、lf.ThetechniquesofpotterymanufacturehadevolvedwellbeforetheGreekperiod,butmarkedstylisticdevelopmentsoccurredinshapeandindecoration,forexample,intheinterplayofblackandotherglazeswiththeredsurfaceofthefiredpot.Athenianblack-figureandred-figuredecoration,whichemphasizedhumanfiguresratherthananimalimag

13、es,wasadoptedbetween630and530B.C.;itsdistinctivecolorandlusterweretheresultoftheskillfuladjustmentsofthekilnstemperatureduringanextendedthree-stageperiodiffiringtheclayware.Whetheritwasthepottersorthevase-painterswhoinitiatedchangesinfiringisunclear,thefunctionsofmakinganddecoratingwereusuallydivide

14、dbetweenthem,butneithergroupcanhavebeensospecializedthattheydidnotshareintheconcernsoftheother.Thebroadutilityofterra-cottawassuchthatworkersinclaycouldgenerallyaffordtoconfinethemselvestoeitherdecoratedwareandhousewareslikecookingpotsandstoragejarsorbuildingmaterialslikerooftilesanddrainpipes.Somes

15、ixth-andfifth-centuryB.C.Athenianpotteryestablishmentsareknowntohaveconcentratedonalimitedrangeoffineware,butaruralpotteryestablishmentontheislandofThasosproducedmanytypesofpotteryandrooftilestoo,presumablytomeetlocaldemand.Moldswereusedtocreateparticulareffectsforsomeproducts,suchasrelief-decorated

16、vesselsandfigurines;forotherproductssuchasrooftiles,whichwereinsomequantity,theywereusedtofacilitatemassproduction.Therewerealsoanumberofpoor-qualityfigurinesandpaintedpotsproducedinquantitybyeasy,inexpensivemeansasnumerousfeaturelessstatuettesandunattractivecasestestify.1.Thepassagemainlydiscussesa

17、ncientGreekpotteryandits(A)productiontechniques(B)similaritytoothercrafts(C)unusualmaterials(D)resemblancetoearlierpottery2.Thephraseregardlessofinline3isclosestinmeaningto(A)asaresultof(B)nomatterwhat(C)proudof(D)accordingto3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmostpotteryestablishmentsinancientGreece

18、weresituated(A)incitycenters(B)ontheoutskirtsofcities(C)whereclaycouldbefound(D)nearotherpottersworkshops4.Thewordmarkedinline7isclosestinmeaningto(A)original(B)attractive(C)noticeable(D)patterned5.Thewordconfineinline17isclosestinmeaningto(A)adapt(B)train(C)restrict(D)organize6.Itcanbeinferredfromt

19、hepassagethatterra-cottahadwhichofthefollowingadvantages(A)Itdidnotbreakduringthefiringprocess.(B)Itwaslessexpensivethanotheravailablematerials.(C)Itssurfacehadalastingshine.(D)Itcouldbeusedformanypurposes.7.Thewordpresumablyinline21isclosestinmeaningto(A)frequently(B)practically(C)preferably(D)prob

20、ably8.Thewordtheyinline24refersto(A)molds(B)particulareffects(C)products(D)vesselsandfigurines9.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueofancientGreekpottersandvasepaintersEXCEPT:(A)Theirfunctionsweresospecializedthattheylackedcommonconcerns.(B)Theysometimesproducedinferiorware.(C)Theyproduced

21、piecesthathadunusualcolorandshine.(D)Theydecoratedmanyoftheirworkswithhumanimages.PASSAGE57ABCCCDDAA托福浏览真题2PASSAGE58Huntingisatbestaprecariouswayofprocuringfood,evenwhenthedietissupplementedwithseedsandfruits.NotlongafterthelastIceAge,around7,000B.C.(duringtheNeolithicperiod),somehuntersandgatherers

22、begantorelychieflyonagriculturefortheirsustenance.Otherscontinuedtheoldpastoralandnomadicways.Indeed,agricultureitselfevolvedoverthecourseoftime,andNeolithicpeopleshadlongknownhowtogrowcrops.Therealtransformationofhumanlifeoccurredwhenhugenumbersofpeoplebegantorelyprimarilyandpermanentlyonthegrainth

23、eygrewandtheanimalstheydomesticated.Agriculturemadepossibleamorestableandsecurelife.WithitNeolithicpeoplesflourished,fashioninganenergetic,creativeera.Theywereresponsibleformanyfundamentalinventionsandinnovationsthatthemodernworldtakesforgranted.First,obviously,issystematicagriculturethatis,therelia

24、nceofNeolithicpeoplesonagricultureastheirprimary,notmerelysubsidiary,sourceoffood.Thustheydevelopedtheprimaryeconomicactivityoftheentireancientworldandthebasisofallmodernlife.WiththesettledroutineofNeolithicfarmerscametheevolutionoftownsandeventuallycities.Neolithicfarmersusuallyraisedmorefoodthanth

25、eycouldconsume,andtheirsurplusespermittedlarger,healthierpopulations.Populationgrowthinturncreatedanevengreaterrelianceonsettledfarming,asonlysystematicagriculturecouldsustaintheincreasednumbersofpeople.Sincesurplusesoffoodcouldalsobebarteredforothercommodities,theNeolithicerawitnessedthebeginningso

26、flarge-scaleexchangeofgoods.IntimetheincreasingcomplexityofNeolithicsocietiesledtothedevelopmentofwriting,promptedbytheneedtokeeprecordsandlaterbytheurgetochronicleexperiences,learning,andbeliefs.Thetransitiontosettledlifealsohadaprofoundimpactonthefamily.Thesharedneedsandpressuresthatencourageexten

27、ded-familytiesarelessprominentinsettledthaninnomadicsocieties.Bondstotheextendedfamilyweakened.Intownsandcities,thenuclearfamilywasmoredependentonitsimmediateneighborsthanonkinfolk.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Whymanyhumansocietiesaredependentonagriculture(B)thechangesagriculturebroughttohum

28、anlife(C)HowNeolithicpeoplesdiscoveredagriculture(D)Whythefirstagriculturalsocietiesfailed2.Thewordprecariousinline1isclosestinmeaningto(A)uncertain(B)humble(C)worthy(D)unusual3.Theauthormentionsseedsandfruitsinline2asexamplesof(A)thefirstcropscultivatedbyearlyagriculturalsocieties(B)foodseatenbyhun

29、tersandgatherersasasecondaryfoodsource(C)typesoffoodthathuntersandgathererslackedintheirdiets(D)themostcommonfoodscultivatedbyearlyagriculturalsocieties4.Thewordsettledinline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)advanced(B)original(C)involved(D)stable5.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturalsocietiesproducedlargerhum

30、anpopulationsbecauseagriculture(A)createdmorevarietiesoffood(B)createdfoodsurpluses(C)resultedinincreasesinleisuretime(D)encouragedbartering6.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingledtothedevelopmentofwritingEXCEPTthe(A)needtokeeprecords(B)desiretowritedownbeliefs(C)extractionofinkfromplants(D)grow

31、thofsocialcomplexity7.Thewordchronicleinline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)repeat(B)exchange(C)understand(D)describe8.Accordingtothepassage,howdidtheshifttoagriculturalsocietiesimpactpeoplesfamilyrelationships?(A)Theextendedfamilybecamelessimportant.(B)Immediateneighborsoftenbecamefamilymembers.(C)Thenucl

32、earfamilybecameself-sufficient.(D)Familymembersbegantowoktogethertoraisefood.9.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingasresultsoftheshifttoagriculturalsocietiesEXCEPT(A)anincreaseininventionandinnovation(B)emergenceoftownsandcities(C)developmentofasystemoftrade(D)adecreaseinwarfare10.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthehumandietpriortotheNeolithicperiod?(A)Itconsistedmainlyofagriculturalproducts(B)Itvariedaccordingtofamilysize.(C)Itwasbasedonhuntingandgathering.(D)Itwastransformedwhenlargenumbersofpeoplenolongerdependedonthegraintheygrewthemselves.PASSAGE58BABDBCDADC托福浏览文章构造划分最全解读