托福独立写作段落拓展之比拟比照法.docx

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1、托福独立写作段落拓展之比拟比照法托福独立写作段落拓展之比拟比照法托福独立写作对于很多考生来讲最难的不是立意，而是段落的拓展，很多考生想好了文章的构造却找不到适宜的素材来拓展段落，造成文章空有骨架却没有血肉，在这里我们为大家推荐一种比拟比照的方法。托福独立写作段落拓展之比拟比照法首先，比起“例证法的写作手法来讲，“比拟比照法是一种相对难以上手的方法(因其对于语言多样性的要求)。然而，当同学们对词汇和句式替换技巧有一定把握时，这种方法的优点就会逐一体现文章统一性和语言多样性。统一性即是对严密逻辑的反映，而多样性即体现学生扎实的语言基础，也是对评分标准中“Details(细节)这一项的良好补充。那么

2、，究竟要怎样理解和精通“比拟比照法呢?下面我们就来具体解释。一.学好比拟比照，要先把握因果推理之前提到过，“比拟比照法能体现文章的统一性。Why?由于“比拟比照法通常只是将前半段的“因果推理法反过来再讲一遍。我们下面题为例：Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplewholeavetheirnativevillagesortownstendtobehappierandmoresuccessfulthanthosewhostay.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.通过头脑

3、风暴中的万能理由法，同学们不难想到乡村小镇比起大城市的优点，如：风景美、污染少、压力轻和关系好等。我们以风景美为例展开本段的“因果推理。此时，同学们不难想到乡村小镇的风景优美无非在于更多的自然风光(naturallandscape)、山水美景(mountainsandwaters)和没有钢筋丛林的束缚(aforestthatrequiresnoconcrete)等。同时，也有同学从城市人眼中的事物出发，提出乡村没有拥挤的交通(freedomfromtrafficcongestion)或者遮挡天空的高楼(theview-blockingskyscrapers)。这样，我们就能用简单的三到四句话将

4、前半段的“因果推理进行串联。Firstandforemost,weareallawarethatpeoplewhostayintheirhometowncouldenjoyabetternaturallandscapethanthosewhomoveout.(主题句)Thereasonseemstobeobvious:localpeoplecouldgetacloserlookonmountainsandwaters,andsometimesaforestthatisnotpiledupwithconcreteorcement.Atthesametime,thefreedomfromaheav

5、ytrafficandtheabsenceofview-blockingskyscrapershelppeoplegetawayfromthementalburdensbotheringmanyofthecityresidents.二.不变的逻辑，多变的语言是时候把“因果推理反过来讲了，也就是城市人面对的糟糕风景和因而带来宏大压力。感受一下：“乡村风景beautiful，城市风景terrible.是不是逻辑很统一(议论的都是同一个话题的同一个角度)?这样就避免了同学们想到什么写什么而造成的“东一句西一句的逻辑混乱。But(总要有个但是)，这样写是不是很重复、很啰嗦?确实，越是无懈可击的逻辑越是

6、听起来像是废话：“明天可能会下雨，可以能不会!“我猜这孩子不是男孩儿，就是女孩儿!“乡村的风景超好的，城市的风景超烂的!那么，我们怎样在讲废话的同时又让考官不心生腻烦呢?答案就是：同(反)义词替换和句式替换。localpeople替换成cityresidents,urbandwellers,citizens.;naturallandscape替换成thepanoramaofacity,citysites,urbanviews.;mountainsandwaters替换成domesticgarbageandindustrialwastes.于是，我们的后半段“比拟比照法就变成了重要的事情讲两遍的

7、花样啰嗦大法!Unlikely,urbandwellersareboundtosufferfromacomparativelypoorerviewsofcities,inwhichnaturalsitesareturnedintodomesticgarbageandindustrialwastes.Still,addingtothealreadyfidgetingmentalstateistheever-intensifyingpainoftrafficcongestion,whichmakesthelivesofcityresidentsmoreunbearable.So,itdoesmak

8、esensetoarguethat.(重申文章主题句)我们将这样的两个半段连续起来读一遍，你会发现我们始终没有偏离主题(前后讲的意思完全一样)，但是语言的丰富变化又让人读起来不觉枯燥冗余。这样，统一性和多样性就同时做到了!最后，同学们在浏览以上范文时不免心生抱怨：“我们哪有教师这样的改写能力啊?确实，“比拟比照法最大的困难就在于此，学生很难保证在考场上临场发挥出多样又正确的语言表达。但是“因果推理加“比拟比照的段落组合是如此的完好和漂亮，以致它值得我们付出相应的努力去学会它。同学们在准备和练习经过中能做的事情有下面三项：1.完成“因果推理的写作后将已有的词汇输入电子词典，寻找其同、反义词(通常

9、看到新词后你会有新的灵感和启发)。托福综合写作的开始段模板Inthisargument,thearguerconcludesthat_.Tosupporttheconclusion,thearguerpointsoutthat_.Inaddition,thearguerreasonsthat_.Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies.Inthisargument,thearguerrecommendsthat_.Tojustifythisclaim,thearguerprovidestheevidencethat_.Inaddition,

10、hecitestheresultofarecentstudythat_.Acarefulexaminationofthisargumentwouldrevealhowgroundlesstheconclusionis.Inthisanalysis,thearguerclaimsthat_.Tosubstantiatetheconclusion,thearguercitestheexamplethat_.Inaddition,thearguerassumesthat_.Thisargumentisunconvincingforseveralcriticalflaws.Inthisargument

11、,theargueradvocatesthat_.Therecommendationisbasedontheobservationthat_.Meanwhile,thearguerassumesthat_.Theargumentisproblematicfortworeasons.Theconclusioninthisargumentisthat_.Insupportofthisprediction,thearguerclaimsthat_.Moreover,thearguerassumesthat_.Thisargumentisfraughtwithvague,oversimplifieda

12、ndunwarrantedassumptions.托福综合写作的结尾段模板Insummary,theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandmisleading.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovethat_.Moreover,Iwouldsuspendmyjudgmentaboutthecredibilityoftherecommendationuntilthearguercanprovideconcreteevidencethat_.Otherwise,theargu

13、erissimplybeggingthequestionthroughouttheargument.Toconclude,theargumentisnotpersuasiveasitstands.Beforeweaccepttheconclusion,thearguermustpresentmorefactsthat_.Tosolidifytheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoproducemoreevidenceconcerning_.Asitstands,theargumentisnotwellreasoned.Tomakeitlogicallyacceptabl

14、e,thearguerwouldhavetodemonstratethat_.Additionally,thearguermustprovideevidenceto_.Tosumup,theconclusionlackscredibilitybecausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tostrengthentheargumentthearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreevidenceconcerningthat_.Inconclusion,the

15、arguerfailsto_.Tostrengthentheargument,thearguerwouldhavetoprovideevidencethat_.Tobetterevaluatetheargument,weneedmoreinformationaboutthat_.托福写作范文：大学生应当学习基础科学课程写作题目Doyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement:Universitystudentsshouldberequiredtotakebasicscienceclasseseveniftheyarenotpartofthefieldofthestudy

16、.无论是什么专业的学生，大学生都应当学习基础的科学课程，能否认同?写作范文Universitycourseslayaverysolidacademicfoundationforthefuturedevelopmentofcollegestudents.Facingthegreatselectionsofthesecourses,somepeoplesaythat,basicscienceshouldbemadecompulsoryforcollegestudents,forthereasonthattheycouldbemorefamiliarwiththeadvancementandevol

17、utionofhumansociety.Idisagree.Ibelieve,despiteminormerits,askingstudentofallmajorstoattendbasicscienceclasseswouldcauseproblems.Tobeginwith,sciencecourseswouldputmoreacademicpressureonstudents.Collegestudentshavealreadyhadtostudymanytheoryandprofessionalsubjectsrelatedtotheirmajorsandtheirscheduleis

18、verytight.Forexample,amedicalstudentisnotonlyobligedtofinishhisprofessionalpapersforcredit,buthealsoneedstofindtheopportunitytogetclinicalexperience.Hisloadissoheavythathecouldnotaffordtotakeanyirrelevantcourses,suchasbasicscience.Inthiscase,schoolsshouldnotaddthiscourse,becausestudentswouldworrywhe

19、thertheycouldfinishtheirhomeworkontimeandhowtheywouldpassfinalexaminations.Furthermore,arequiredsciencecoursewouldleadtounnecessarycostforparentsandstudents.Toguaranteethequalityoflecturing,collegeshavetohiretalentedandseniorscienceprofessorsandexperts,suchasthosefromthebest-knownuniversitiesorscien

20、tificresearchinstitutes.Thiswouldincreasethecostofschooling.Normally,alecturegivenbyafamousscienceprofessorcostsover1,000dollars.Thesecostswouldbereflectedinthetuitionfee,andwoulddeprivemanyunderprivilegedstudentsofanopportunityforeducation.Admittedly,takingbasicsciencecoursesdoeshaveitsmerits.Asasu

21、bjectaimingtoexplainhowtheuniverseexits,basicsciencebroadenstudentsrangeofknowledgeandenhancetheiranalyticalskills.Studentscouldgainadeepunderstandingabouttheworldtheylivein.Lotsofmethodstosolveproblemswillbegainedthroughbasicscience.However,thisknowledgecouldbeacquiredbyothermethodotherthanrequiredcourses.TVdocumentariesandbooksareallavailableoptionsforstudenttolearnbasicscience.Inconclusion,althoughtherearesomesmallbenefitstorequiringbasicsciencecourses,makingeverycollegestudentattendsuchclasseswouldoverburdenthestudentsbothacademicallyandfinancially.托福独立写作段落拓展之比拟比照法