托福TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇-Seventeenth.docx

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1、托福TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth托福TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-CenturyEuropeanEconomicGrow托福TPO是托福备考小伙伴们最重要的参考资料，并且这个是在备考时候一定要认真多多练习，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重视起来，我为广大的托福考生整理了TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-CenturyEuropeanEconomicGrowth，下面就来跟我一起来看下面精彩内容吧!托福浏览原文Inthelatesixteenthcenturyandintotheseventeent

2、h,Europecontinuedthegrowththathadlifteditoutoftherelativelylessprosperousmedievalperiod(fromthemid400stothelate1400s).Amongthekeyfactorsbehindthisgrowthwereincreasedagriculturalproductivityandanexpansionoftrade.Populationscannotgrowunlesstheruraleconomycanproduceenoughadditionalfoodtofeedmorepeople.

3、Duringthesixteenthcentury,farmersbroughtmorelandintocultivationattheexpenseofforestsandfens(low-lyingwetlands).DutchlandreclamationintheNetherlandsinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesprovidesthemostspectacularexampleoftheexpansionoffarmland:theDutchreclaimedmorethan36.000acresfrom1590to1615alone.Mu

4、chofthepotentialforEuropeaneconomicdevelopmentlayinwhatatfirstglancewouldseemtohavebeenonlysleepyvillages.Suchvillages,however,generallylayinregionsofrelativelyadvancedagriculturalproduction,permittingnotonlythesurvivalofpeasantsbutalsotheaccumulationofanagriculturalsurplusforinvestment.Theyhadacces

5、stourbanmerchants,markets,andtraderoutes.Increasedagriculturalproductioninturnfacilitatedruralindustry,anintrinsicpartoftheexpansionofindustry.Woolensandtextilemanufacturers,inparticular,utilizedruralcottage(in-home)production,whichtookadvantageofcheapandplentifulrurallabor.IntheGermanstates,therava

6、gesoftheThirtyYearsWar(1618-1648)furthermovedtextileproductionintothecountryside.Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathomeforscantremunerationinanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.MoreextendedtradingnetworksalsohelpeddevelopEuropeseconomyinthisperiod.EnglishandDutchshipscarrying

7、ryefromtheBalticstatesreachedSpainandPortugal.Populationgrowthgeneratedanexpansionofsmall-scalemanufacturing,particularlyofhandicrafts,textiles,andmetalproductioninEngland,Flanders,partsofnorthernItaly,thesouthwesternGermanstates,andpartsofSpain.Onlyironsmeltingandminingrequiredmarshalingasignifican

8、tamountofcapital(wealthinvestedtocreatemorewealth).Thedevelopmentofbankingandotherfinancialservicescontributedtotheexpansionoftrade.Bythemiddleofthesixteenthcentury,financiersandtraderscommonlyacceptedbillsofexchangeinplaceofgoldorsilverforothergoods.Billsofexchange,whichhadtheiroriginsinmedievalIta

9、ly,werepromissorynotes(writtenpromisestopayaspecifiedamountofmoneybyacertaindate)thatcouldbesoldtothirdparties.Inthisway,theyprovidedcredit.Atmid-century,anAntwerpfinancieronlyslightlyexaggeratedwhenheclaimed,“0necannomoretradewithoutbillsofexchangethansailwithoutwater.Merchantsnolongerhadtocarrygol

10、dandsilveroverlong,dangerousjourneys.AnAmsterdammerchantpurchasingsoapfromamerchantinMarseillecouldgotoanexchangerandpaytheexchangertheequivalentsuminguilders,theDutchcurrency.TheexchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchan

11、tsowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.Billsofexchangecontributedtothedevelopmentofbanks,asexchangersbegantoprovideloans.Notuntiltheeighteenthcentury,however,didsuchbanksastheBankofAmsterdamandtheBankofEnglandbegintoprovidecapitalforbusinessinvestment.Theirprincipalfunctionwastoprov

12、idefundsforthestate.Therapidexpansionininternationaltradealsobenefittedfromaninfusionofcapital,stemminglargelyfromgoldandsilverbroughtbySpanishvesselsfromtheAmericas.Thiscapitalfinancedtheproductionofgoods,storage,trade,andevencreditacrossEuropeandoverseas.Moreoveranincreasedcreditsupplywasgenerated

13、byinvestmentsandloansbybankersandwealthymerchantstostatesandbyjoint-stockpartnershipsanEnglishinnovation(thefirstmajorcompanybeganin1600).Unlikeshort-termfinancialcooperationbetweeninvestorsforasinglecommercialundertaking,joint-stockcompaniesprovidedpermanentfundingofcapitalbydrawingontheinvestments

14、ofmerchantsandotherinvestorswhopurchasedsharesinthecompany.托福浏览试题1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatwastrueofEuropeduringthemedievalperiod?A.Agriculturalproductivitydeclined.B.Therewasrelativelylittleeconomicgrowth.C.Thegenerallevelofprosperitydeclined.D.Foreigntradebegantoplayanimportantroleintheeconomy.2

15、.Thewordkeyinthepassage(Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningtoA.historicalB.manyC.importantD.hidden3.Accordingtoparagraph2,oneeffectofthedesiretoincreasefoodproductionwasthatA.landwascultivatedinadifferentwayB.morefarmerswereneededC.theruraleconomywasweakenedD.forestsandwetlandswereusedforfarming4.Accordin

16、gtoparagraph3,whatwasonereasonvillageshadsuchgreateconomicpotential?A.Villageswerelocatedinregionswhereagriculturalproductionwasrelativelyadvanced.B.Villageswererelativelysmallinpopulationandsizecomparedwithurbanareas.C.Somevillageinhabitantsmadeinvestmentsinindustrialdevelopment.D.Villageinhabitant

17、sestablishedmarketswithintheirvillages.5.Paragraph4supportstheideathatincreasedagriculturalproductionwasimportantfortheexpansionofindustryprimarilybecauseitA.increasedthenumberofavailableworkersinruralareasB.providednewtypesofrawmaterialsforusebyindustryC.resultedinanimprovementinthehealthoftherural

18、cottageworkersusedbymanufacturersD.helpedrepairsomeoftheravagesoftheThirtyYearsWar6.Theword“meagerinthepassage(Paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningtoA.verynecessaryB.verylowC.traditionalD.primary7.Whydoestheauthormentionthat“EnglishandDutchshipscarryingryefromtheBalticstatesreachedSpainandPortugal(Paragrap

19、h5)?A.TosuggestthatEnglandandtheNetherlandswerethetwomostimportanttradingnationsinseventeenth-centuryEuropeB.TosuggesthowextensivetradingrelationswereC.TocontrasttheimportanceofagriculturalproductswithmanufacturedproductsD.Toarguethatshippingintroducedarangeofnewproducts8.Byincludingthequotationinpa

20、ragraph6bythefinancierfromAntwerp,theauthorisemphasizingthatA.sailingwasanimportantaspectoftheeconomyB.increasingthenumberofwaterroutesmadetradepossibleC.billsofexchangewerenecessaryforsuccessfultradingD.financiersoftenexaggeratedtheneedforbillsofexchange9.Accordingtoparagraph6,merchantswereabletoav

21、oidtheriskofcarryinglargeamountsofgoldandsilverbyA.usingthirdpartiesinMarseilletobuygoodsforthemB.doingalltheirbusinessbyusingDutchcurrencyC.payingfortheirpurchasesthroughbillsofexchangeD.waitingtopayforgoodsuntilthegoodshadbeendelivered10.Accordingtoparagraph7,untiltheeighteenthcentury,itwastheprin

22、cipalfunctionofwhichofthefollowingtoprovidefundsforthestate?A.BillsofexchangeB.ExchangerswhotookloansC.BanksD.Businessinvestment11.Thephrase“anEnglishinnovationinthepassage(Paragraph8)isclosestinmeaningtoA.anewdevelopmentintroducedbytheEnglishB.anarrangementfoundonlyinEnglandC.atypeofagreementnegoti

23、atedinEnglishD.atypeofpartnershipbasedonEnglishlaw12.Accordingtoparagraph8,eachofthefollowingwasasourceoffundsusedtofinanceeconomicexpansionEXCEPTA.groupsofinvestorsengagedinshort-termfinancialcooperationB.thestateC.wealthymerchantsD.joint-stockcompanies13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefol

24、lowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Theycouldalsoavoidhavingtoidentifyandassessthevalueofawidevarietyofcoinsissuedinmanydifferentplaces.Thedevelopmentofbankingandotherfinancialservicescontributedtotheexpansionoftrade.Bythemiddleofthesixteenthcentury,financiersandtrade

25、rscommonlyacceptedbillsofexchangeinplaceofgoldorsilverforothergoods.Billsofexchange,whichhadtheiroriginsinmedievalItaly,werepromissorynotes(writtenpromisestopayaspecifiedamountofmoneybyacertaindate)thatcouldbesoldtothirdparties.Inthisway,theyprovidedcredit.【A】Atmid-century,anAntwerpfinancieronlyslig

26、htlyexaggeratedwhenheclaimed,“0necannomoretradewithoutbillsofexchangethansailwithoutwater.【B】Merchantsnolongerhadtocarrygoldandsilveroverlong,dangerousjourneys.【C】AnAmsterdammerchantpurchasingsoapfromamerchantinMarseillecouldgotoanexchangerandpaytheexchangertheequivalentsuminguilders,theDutchcurrenc

27、y.【D】TheexchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchantsowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHR

28、EEanswerthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatnotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Inlatesixteenth-andearlyseventeenth-centuryEurope,increasedagriculturalproductionandtheexpansionoftradewe

29、reimportantineconomicgrowth.A.Bringingmorelandundercultivationproducedenoughfoodtocreatesurplusesfortradeandinvestmentaswellasforsupportingthelargerpopulationsthatledtothegrowthofruralindustry.B.Mostruralvillagesestablishedanarrangementwithanearbyurbancenterthatenabledvillagerstotakeadvantageofurban

30、marketstosellanyhandicraftstheyproduced.C.Increasesinpopulationandtheexpansionoftradeledtoincreasedmanufacturing,muchofitsmall-scaleincharacterbutsomerequiringsignificantcapitalinvestment.D.Increasedcapitalwasrequiredfortheproductionofgoods,forstorage,fortrade,andfortheprovisionofcreditthroughoutofE

31、uropeaswellasdistantmarketsoverseas.E.BillsofexchangewereinventedinmedievalItalybutbecamelessimportantasbanksbegantoprovideloansformerchants.F.TheexpansionoftradewasfacilitatedbydevelopmentsinbankingandfinancialservicesandbenefittedfromthehugeinfluxofcapitalintheformofgoldsilverfromtheAmericas.托福浏览答

32、案1.以medievalperiod做关键词定位至第一句，讲medievalperiod不那么prosperous繁荣，但假如只看这句的话很容易错选答案C，C的decline叫做减少，也就是讲C讲medieval时期prosperity下降了，但原文讲不prosperous，是一种低的状态，不是下降的趋势，所以C错;而B的经济几乎没有增长是lessprosperous的同义替换，正确;A与C错的原因类似;D没讲2.key众所周知的意思是钥匙，当然还有关键的意思，所以important正确。前文讲欧洲经济开场增长，然后讲发展的什么因素是blabla，后面十分指出的原因肯定是相比照较重要的，所以i

33、mportant正确。句子只给出了两个原因，many不对;historical历史的和hidden完全不靠谱3.以increasefoodproduction做关键词定位至第一句，但问的是影响，所以答案应该是下一句。讲人们开垦更多土地，以森林和湿地为代价，所以答案是D。A原文没讲以不同方式开垦，错;B的farmers没有相关信息;C的ruraleconomy没有信息4.以economicpotential做关键词定位至第一句，但第一句中的atfirstglance和第二句的however都讲明有用的信息在第二句，讲这些村子的agriculture是advanced，所以答案是A，B/C/D都没

34、讲5.以expansionofindustry做关键词定位至第一句，但第一句只是陈述了一个事实，有用的信息在第二句，讲那些manufacturers利用了大量廉价的rurallabor，所以答案是A，B/C/D都没讲6.meager贫乏的，缺乏的，瘦弱的，所以verylow是正确答案。原句讲很多穷人纺线或者织布赚补贴，来贴补什么样的家庭收入，肯定是少才需要贴补的，所以是verylow，A必要和D基本都不能用纺线来补贴;原文没有时间概念，所以B传统的不对7.修辞目的题，整个句子是一个细节，所以看前一句，也就是本段的中心句，讲不断扩展的贸易网络有助于当时欧洲经济发展，紧接着就给出了荷兰和英国的船到

35、了西班牙和葡萄牙，用来证实贸易的扩展，所以答案是B，其他的都不靠谱8.修辞目的题，先以Antewerp做关键词定位至第五句，原句整个就是一个细节，看前一句，前一句的信息过少，所以再往前看，就找到答案，讲汇票是一种能够转卖给第三方的约定票据，答案是C，汇票的必要性，当然可以以看第一句，讲银行及其他金融服务助推贸易的扩展，同样能选出答案9.以goldorsilver做关键词定位至第二句，讲financiers和traders接受汇票来替代金银，只要C提到了汇票billsofexchange，所以答案是C，其他都没讲10.以funds，state和principlefunction做关键词定位至最后

36、一句，讲他们的最主要作用是给国家提供资金，由于有their，所以往前看，前句讲直到十八世纪银行才给businessinvestment提供钱，然后就讲之前都是给国家提供钱的，their指的是银行，所以答案C正确11.anEnglishinnovation本意指英国人的发明，即便从本意看，B/C/D也不靠谱，而且破折号之后解释之前的内容，之前讲joint-stockpartnership，合股，之后的括号又对这一现象进行了解释，讲明这是一个以前没有的新东西，所以A正确12.EXCEPT题，排除法。A的short-termfinancialcooperation对应最后一句，正确，不选;B好似对应

37、第三句，但原文讲银行家和富商贷款给state，state的钱是从别人那借的，没法促进发展，所以B错，选;C和D都对应原文第三句，正确，不选13.四个过渡点，分别是名词coins，manydifferentplaces，代词they和副词also，coins与原文倒数第二句的currency货币同义替换，manydifferentplaces与原文倒数第二句的Amsterdam和Marseille对应，所以C或者D正确;此外，coins还能够与倒数第三句的coinsandsilver对应，所以B或者C正确;而且theyalsoavoid讲明之前他们已经避免了一件事，恰好对应倒数第三句的nolon

38、gerhavetocarrygoldandsilver，所以C正确14.bringing选项对应原文第二段第一句，正确most选项原文没讲，不选increasesin选项对应原文第四段第一句，正确increasedcapital选项MS对应第八段第二句，但原文讲capital促进了blabla的发展，没讲blabla的发展需要资金，所以错，不选bills选项与第六段第二局讲反，不选theexpansion选项对应原文第六段和第八段的首句，正确托福浏览译文【1】在16世纪末至17世纪初，欧洲经济度过了低迷发展的中世纪(公元5世纪中至公元15世纪末)，继续保持增长拉动经济增长最关键的因素是农业生产

39、力的提高和贸易规模的扩大。【2】假如农村经济不能生产足够的粮食，人口增长就不可能实现。在16世纪，农民们以伐木开荒为代价，不断开垦耕地。荷兰的土地复垦无疑是16到17世纪中最引人瞩目的：单单是在1590年到1615年间，荷兰就开垦了36000多英亩土地。【3】欧洲经济增长的宏大潜力存在于那些第一眼看上去默默无闻的小镇。然而，这些乡镇大多地处农业相对发达的地区，不仅农民赖此生存，用于投资的充裕农产品也得以积累。这些乡镇位置得天独厚，毗邻城市商人，市场以及贸易线路。【4】农业生产的发展反过来又促进了工业中的部分农村工业的发展。尤其是羊毛和纺织制造商们，他们利用农村大量廉价的劳动力来进行农舍家庭式生

40、产。在德国，“三十年战争造成严重毁坏进一步促使纺织业向乡村迁移。为了贴补本已经微薄的家庭收入，贫困潦倒的农民们通过在家纺织衣料或亚麻来换取少量报酬。【5】不断扩大的贸易网络也促进了这段时期欧洲经济的增长。英国和荷兰的商船从波罗的海各国运载着黑麦到西班牙和葡萄牙来售卖。在英国、佛南德斯、意大利北部、德国西南部以及西班牙部分地区，人口的增长促进了小规模制造业的发展，尤其是手工艺品、纺织品和金属制品。只要炼铁和采矿业需要投入大量资本(投资财富以创造更多财富)。【6】银行和其他金融服务的发展促进了贸易增长。到16世纪中叶，从事金融和贸易的人员已经基本接受了使用汇票代替金银来进行交易。汇票始于中世纪意大

41、利，是一种能够和第三方进行交易的期票(其上注明在约定时间内支付特定数额的钱)。就这样，这些汇票具有了信贷功能。在该世纪中期，一位安特卫普的金融家夸大地讲：“没有汇票，贸易就无法进行，就像没有根本无法航行。商人再也不用携带金银踏上漫长危险的旅途了。阿姆斯特丹商人要在马赛购买肥皂，能够去找到货币兑换商用等值的荷兰货币荷兰盾去兑换。然后货币兑换商会将汇票给马赛的同事，受权他凭此汇票在实体交易完成之后以当地货币支付给马赛人。【7】随着货币兑换商开场提供贷款服务，汇票促进了银行业的发展。然而，直到十八世纪，诸如阿姆斯特丹银行和英格兰银行才开场提供商业投资贷款业务。它们的首要功能是为政府提供资金。【8】西班牙商船从美洲带来大量金银，资本的注入促进国际贸易快速发展。这些资本为商品的生产、存储、交易提供了资金甚至向是全欧洲乃至海外提供贷款。此外，银行和富商向政府提供投资和接待加上英国的一项革新股份制公司(第一家主要的股份制公司始于1600年)都增加了贷款的供给。与由投资家组成的以单个商业项目为目的的短期财团不同，股份制公司通过商人和其他投资者购买公司股份所带来的投资提供长期的投资。托福TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-CenturyEuropeanEconomicGrowth