高英修辞总结ppt课件.ppt

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1、有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Classification of Figures of SpeechHow many figures of speech are there in English?The numbers range from 65 to 200 or more. Figures of speech are commonly divided into three categories: Lexical figures of speech （使用词汇手段的修辞格）（使用词

2、汇手段的修辞格）B. Syntactical figures of speech （使用句法手段修辞格）（使用句法手段修辞格）C. Phonetic figures of speech （使用语音手段的修辞格）（使用语音手段的修辞格）有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Lexical figures of speech simile （明喻）（明喻）, metaphor（暗喻）（暗喻）, metonymy（借代）（借代）, personification（拟（拟人）人）,irony（反语）

3、（反语）, hyperbole（夸张）（夸张）, understatement（低调）（低调）, euphemism（委（委婉语）婉语）, contrast（对照）（对照）, oxymoron（矛（矛盾修辞法）盾修辞法）, transferred epithet（移就）（移就）, pun（双关）（双关）, parody（仿拟）（仿拟）, paradox（隽语）（隽语）有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Syntactical figures of speechantithesis（对偶）（

4、对偶）, repetition（反复）（反复）, parallelism（平行结构）（平行结构）, rhetoric question （修辞问句）（修辞问句）, anticlimax（突降）（突降）etc.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Phonetic figures of speech alliteration(eg. a strong man struggling with the storms of state)assonance (eg. stop all the cloc

5、ks, cut off the telephone )onomatopoeia (eg. She banged the door after her.)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Synecdoche （提喻）（提喻）Synecdoche means giving the part for the whole or vice versa, using a kind of thing to represent another big kind or vice versa, and u

6、sing raw material to represent the thing made of it. A. Use the part to represent the whole1)Twenty years later when he came back to his home town, he saw many new faces.(strangers)2) The farms are short of hands during the harvest season.(workers)3) He has a fleet of fifty sails.(ships)4) Great min

7、ds think alike.(great persons) B. Use the whole to represent the part 1) The score is 2 to 1 in favor of China. (Chinese team)2) The world stands by our side. C.Use concrete things to represent abstract things or vice versa1) There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Frenchman. ( t

8、iger and ape stands for the quality of ferocity and cunningness ) 2) All the wit and learning were assembled here. (the witthe clever and wise people; learninglearned people) 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。2. Parallelism （排比（排比） Phrases or clauses having the s

9、ame function and importance must have the same grammatical form. Parallel constructions which express parallel ideas and give emphasis, clarity, and coherence to sentences. In parallel sentences, conjunctions are frequently used; A) 并列连词：并列连词：and, bothand, not onlybut also, as well as, besides, more

10、over等等 B) 选择连词：选择连词： or, otherwise, nor, eitheror, neithernor 等等 C) 转折连词：转折连词：but, yet, while（而）（而）, whereas（而）（而）, nevertheless等等 D)推理连词：推理连词： therefore, so, then, hence, for 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。1） He speaks, reads, and writes equally well. 2) I pr

11、efer non-fiction: history, social commentary, and stuff like that.3) An Englishman thinks seated: a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward.( OMalley)(英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想）兰人事后想）4）We can gain knowledge, by reading, by reflecting, by observation

12、 or by practice.（ 求知门很多，或阅读，或反思，或观察，或实践）求知门很多，或阅读，或反思，或观察，或实践）5) The world listens. The world watches. The world waits to see what we will do.（世界在倾（世界在倾听，世界在注视，世界等待着我们做什么听，世界在注视，世界等待着我们做什么）有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。6) March winds and April showers bring f

13、orth May flowers.7) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. 8) It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends, who are dead. (Bertrand Russell) 9) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. ( Bacon ) (读书足以怡情

14、，足以博彩，足以长才读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才) 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。10）Reading makes a full man, meditation ( deep thinking) a profound man, discourse a clear man. (Benjamin Franklin )（读书使人充实，冥思苦想使人深（读书使人充实，冥思苦想使人深邃，讨论使人明辩）邃，讨论使人明辩）11) All men are mortal; kings are men

15、; therefore kings are mortal.12)Modesty helps one make progress, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。13)We will never parley. We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gangs.14) We shall fight him by land, we shall figh

16、t him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.15) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm .16) I see.I see17) That is our policy. And that is our declaration.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。5. Repetition The repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add

17、force, clearness or balance to a sentence.We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.He has so long thrived and prospered.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 7. Antithesis Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balan

18、ced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis. The form of the expression is very important for the effect, for the force of emphasis, whether for profundity of judgment, or humor or for satire, depends chiefly on the juxtaposition of direct opposites, of glaring contrasts.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活

19、力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。AntithesisFor example,Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.2) Speech is silver, silence is golden.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Antithesis 3) It was the best of times; it w

20、as the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing

21、 before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Dickens - A Tale of Two Cities)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是一个最聪这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是一个最聪明的时代。也是一个最愚昧的时代；这是一个相信明的时代。也是一个最愚昧的时代；这是一个相信的时代，也是一个怀疑的时代，这是一个光明

22、的时的时代，也是一个怀疑的时代，这是一个光明的时代，也是一个黑暗的时代代，也是一个黑暗的时代.这是主后一千七百七这是主后一千七百七十五年的时代。十五年的时代。 4) The wicked flee when no one pursues, but the righteous are bold as a lion.(邪恶之人，邪恶之人， 即使无人追踪，即使无人追踪， 也会心虚奔逃；方正之人，则坦也会心虚奔逃；方正之人，则坦然无畏，胆壮如狮。然无畏，胆壮如狮。Antithesis有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放

23、又相互信任的合作环境。 Sarcasm （挖苦，讽刺）; Sarcasm is just attacking in a taunting(嘲弄, 奚落)and bitter manner and its aim is to disparage(蔑视, 贬损) , ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. This figure of speech needs context clue. Ridicule (嘲笑,奚落)Hyperbole for humor or ridicule makes use of absurdly

24、 exaggerated descriptions or situations to expose or to deflate(挫某人锐气). 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。AssonanceAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound within words. free and easy; make the grade; Time and tide wait for no man. Assonance in Prose Prose wr

25、iters sometimes repeat vowel sounds to reinforce the meaning of the words. It also helps to create moods. Here, the long o sounds mysterious. Poetry is old, ancient, goes back far. It is among the oldest of living things. So old it is that no man knows how and why the first poems came. -Carl Sandbur

26、g, Early Moon有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 Assonance in PoetryIn poetry, too, assonance stresses words and moods. And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the sideOf my darling, my darling, my life and my bride. -Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee“ “As I was goin

27、g to St. Ives, I met a man with seven wives, Every wife had seven sacks, every sack had seven cats, Every cat had seven kittens: kittens, cats, sacks and wives, How many were going to St. Ives.”I feel the need, the need for speed. 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环

28、境。2)synecdocheSynecdoche means giving the part for the whole or vice versa, using a kind of thing to represent another big kind or vice versa, and using raw material to represent the thing made of it. a. Use the part to represent the wholeTwenty years later when he came back to his home town, he saw

29、 many new faces.(strangers)The farms are short of hands during the harvest season.(workers)He has a fleet of fifty sails.(ships)Great minds think alike.(great persons)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。a. Use the whole to represent the part The score is 2 to 1 in

30、favor of China. (Chinese team)The world stands by our side.b.Use a kind of thing to represent another big kind.It is said that the cutthroat still remains at large.c.Use a big kind of thing to represent another kind of thing.The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings. (a woman)d.Use raw

31、 material to represent the thing made of it.The family has been on the boards since the grandfathers time. (the stage)e.Use concrete things to represent abstract things or vice versa.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。synecdoche There is a mixture of the tiger and

32、 ape in the character of Frenchman. ( tiger and ape stands for the quality of ferocity and cunningness ) All the wit and learning were assembled here. (the witthe clever and wise people; learninglearned people) 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。VII. Rhetorical De

33、vices Zeugma: the use of a word to modify or govern 2 or more words usu. in such a manner that it applies to each in different sense or makes sense with only oneThe issue of New York Times hail the Second as the authority and the Third as a scandal有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化

34、氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。VII. Rhetorical Devices Zeugma: Miss Bolo went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.He lost his hat and his temper.To wage war and peaceWith weeping eyes and hearts 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。V. Rhetorical Devices: Assonance:when b

35、igots lighted faggots to burn. Repetition: The truth always wins.the truth.the truth.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。VI. Devices of figuration Antithesis.between what people claim to be and what they really are.took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.a world

36、which will lament them a day and forget them forever有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Rhetoric Assonance: the use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive words clanking, heel-clicking, cowing and tying .plodding on like crawling locusts, .smarting from

37、 many a British whipping. easier and safer prey有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Rhetoric Repetition: We have but one aim and one single purpose nothing will turn us-nothing We will never parley, we will never negotiate. This is our policy and this is our declara

38、tion as we shall faithfully and steadfastly有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Rhetoric Parallelism: The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies. I see,.I see. the return of the bread-winner,of their champion, of their protector 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力

39、的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Rhetoric We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air Any man or state. Any man or state. Let us. Let us.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Rhetorical devices: Parallelism:chi

40、n on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Metonymy .little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers .struggle between kimono and the miniskirt有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 Metony

41、my: a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated. 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Metonymy can be derived from various sources: a. Names of persons Uncle Sam: the USA b. Animals the bear:

42、 the Soviet Union the dragon : the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the dragon)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 c. Parts of the body heart: feelings and emotions head,brain:wisdom, intelligence, reason She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not

43、 one to let my heart rule my head. grey hair: old age有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 d. Profession: the press: newspapers, reporters etc. He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel. the bar: the legal profession有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。e. location of government, business etc. Downing Street: the British Government the White House: the US president and his government the Capitol Hill: US Congress Wall Street: US financial circles Hollywood: American filmmaking industry