大学英语四级写作讲解分析解析ppt课件.ppt

《大学英语四级写作讲解分析解析ppt课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学英语四级写作讲解分析解析ppt课件.ppt（46页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、大学英语四级写作专题菜单概述概述四级考试作文要求四级考试作文要求四级考试作文判断标准四级考试作文判断标准四级写作得高分技巧四级写作得高分技巧四级作文解析四级作文解析概述一篇好文章需要在三个不同的层面上进行选择：单词，句子和段落。同时，对文章字数和主题思想也有严格的要求。在这些要素中，不管是横向上还是纵向上，主题都具有统帅作用，而句子处于最核心的位置句子处于最核心的位置。构思一篇文章可以句子为基本单位。单词是句子的微观构成而段落则是句子的宏观走向。数量合理的句子可以保证文章所要求的字数，而彼此关联的句子又使文章遵循了统一性和连贯性的基本原则，有助于明确文章主题。用词准确，合乎句法，变化用词准确，

2、合乎句法，变化多样，衔接灵活的句式安排被认为是衡量写作质量的重要多样，衔接灵活的句式安排被认为是衡量写作质量的重要标准。标准。(e.g. 四级作文可以安排成1012个句子。)1四级考试作文要求：四级考试作文要求：大学英语考试大纲中明确规定：四级大学英语写作考试时间为30分钟。要求应试者写出一篇不少于120个词的短文；写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会文化等方面的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。其命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或给出段首句续写、或给出关键词写短文、或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺，表达流畅，地道，语义连贯，逻辑性强。考试题型考试题型应用文：口头作文（e.g.

3、 介绍）、书信作文论说文论说文：提纲作文、图表作文段首句作文：四级考试作文评判标准：四级考试作文评判标准：审题，根据写作要求，拟出提纲。具体可以考虑以下因素：1. 语言：表达通顺、无重大语言错误2. 结构：逻辑性，连贯性 e.g.并列：and/or 因果：because/in that, since/as, fo 转折：but/however 关联词： 3. 内容：切题语言How to write well?词汇：exact, specific, complexity句子：correct, various, fluencyTips：弃用第一反应词，注意课本中出现的一些经典词汇。然后进行积极词汇

4、知识反思：如：同义词法 同根词法 范畴词法（上义词；下义词） 代词替换 ） e.g. 重要：important, significant, essential, crucial, indispensible走出房间：walk out of the room (general) slip out of the room （小偷）dance out of the room （孩子）stagger out of the room （老人）Tips: 长短句结合，积累典型英语句式，克服母语干扰。e.g. 常用英语句式 基本句型基本句型：主谓：I succeed.主谓宾：I like Caicai.主系

5、表：ZY is smart.主谓双宾：Wei Xiaobao gave Ake an English dictionary.主谓宾宾补：Tulongdao makes many people selfish.How to write well?How to write well?How to write well?How to write well?其他常用句式：其他常用句式： 被动句： e.g. It can be noticed that Its suggested that Sb. is highly expected to It is 句式： e.g. It is + 形容词/名词/被

6、动+ that从句或to do There be 句式 e.g. There are many people who agree to have a spoken English test. There had never been any limitations to what Jimmys love could accomplish. (摘自新视野大学英语 Book 3 Unit1) 强调句： e.g. Its that/who 倒装句： e.g. scarcely, on no account ,hardly 置于句首引起部分倒装 only+ 状语引起半倒装 表语+ as/though+

7、 系词 引起倒装 双重否定句： e.g. I couldnt go anywhere without him. (摘自新视野大学英语 Book 3 Unit1para1) No is/are morethan How to write well?段落写作段落写作：遣词造句是短文写作的基础，写作教学是从遣词造句开始的。但是为了布局谋篇的需要，还必须学会把句子连接成段落。段落是文章的缩影，写好了段落，才可能写出极好的文章。段落是由若干彼此关联的句子构成的，通常用来表达一个中心思想或者从某个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。因此段落不是一组句子的任意堆砌，应该遵循一定的段落应该遵循一定的段落发展规律发展规律

8、。非英语专业的学生应该了解一些结构完整的段落的写法，掌握一些组句成段的基本知识，能够恰当地使用指代、重复、过渡和连接词指代、重复、过渡和连接词等语言手段使写作更连贯、质量更高。How to write well?How to write well?常用的开头段的表达方法使用引语（use a quotation）引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）提出问题（ask a question）给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）定义法（give definition）主题句法（use of topic sen

9、tence）常用的开头段的表达方法 使用引语（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many,

10、to make opportunities is more essential to his success.分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。 常用的开头段的表达方法引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our cou

11、ntry, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。常用的开头段的表达方法提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导

12、性简短讨论。如：What do you want from your work, money, promotions, interesting challenges, continual learning, work-based friendships, the opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things

13、.分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。常用的开头段的表达方法给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道如：As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his cla

14、ssmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。常用的开头段的表达方法定义法（give definition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit f

15、rom our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。常用的开头段的表达方法主题句法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：Nowadays one o

16、f the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章

17、开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。主体段概述主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。主体段段落扩充方法一、一、列举法（列举法（Listing）二、二、举例法（举例法（Exemplification）三、三、分类法（分类法（Classification）四、四、比较对照法（比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）五、五、因果法（因果法（Cause and Effect）列举法（列举法（List

18、ing）定义）定义也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。 列举法作文例子列举法作文例子To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second,

19、 you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations. Finally, review your notes and reread any parts of the boo

20、k that are unclear to you.常用于列举法的过渡连接词first, second, third, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initia

21、lly; eventually, last but not least. 举例法（举例法（Exemplification）定义）定义作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。 举例法作文例子举例法作文例子There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may

22、 take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than

23、one sport that is suitable to them.举例法中常见的过渡性词语 for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an example, etc. 分类法（分类法（Classification） 定义在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包

24、括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。 分类法作文例子分类法作文例子Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech, when there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through s

25、ign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language tra

26、nsmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of language can be found in signal flags, Morse code and picture signs. 常见的用以分类的词语 动词：sort (into), divide (into), classify

27、, group, fall into, etc.名词：sorts, classes, groups, categories, types, kinds, aspects, etc.比较对照法（比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast） 定义比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、 A2、 A3B1、 B2、 B3

28、第一种模块例子Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, com

29、puters create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other via the Internet. They can make friends all over the world.But every coin had two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation,

30、we may rely too much on then and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all,

31、computers can spread viruses caused by electronic hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost. 第二种模块及例子逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3例如：A proverb says, “Like father, like son.” But the proverb doesnt seem to fit my grandfather and my father because they have more differe

32、nces than similarities.First, my grandfather is introverted, while my father is extroverted. We can easily read what is on my fathers mind, but it is hard to find out what my grandfather is thinking about. Next, my grandfather is always indifferent to children. He seldom talks with children and the

33、children are somewhat afraid of him. In contrast, my father is very warm-hearted to children. He likes to talk with them, so the children in my family all like him. Finally, my grandfather is obstinate. Once he had made a decision, he never changes it. However, my father, even after he has made a de

34、cision, will ask others for opinions. If he thinks the opinions are reasonable, he might change his mind.Although my grandfather and my father resemble each other very much in appearance, they differ in character, thinking and behavior.常见的比较对照的过渡性词语常用的表示比较的过渡性词语有：similarly, likewise, correspondingly

35、, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally, important, bothand, the same as常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有：on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in/ by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast, conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, (al)

36、though, even though, whereas/ while, it is truebut, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, differ(ent) from, contrary to因果法（因果法（Cause and Effect）定义）定义 因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答“为什么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一

37、果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。 因果法作文例子The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of wom

38、en who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.常用的表示因果关系的过渡性词语because, as, since, for, owing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for

39、the reason, result from, thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a result, as a consequence, it follows that, result in, contribute to 结尾段概述开头和结尾往往是读者注意最多的部分。开头引起读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文论述完整，圆满结束。从某种意义上来说，结尾更容易给读者留下深刻印象。人们常把好的文章结尾称作是“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起的

40、作用。常用的结尾段的表达方法总结归纳重申主题预测展望提出建议提出问题引用格言常用的结尾段的表达方法 总结归纳简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。如：In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectiv

41、ely and narrow the generation gap.分析：文章通过in conclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确。常用的结尾段的表达方法 重申主题再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。如：Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied mans energy, hopes, ambitions and u

42、nderstanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.分析：文章对前文的观点进行了重复，使之更加鲜明。常用的结尾段的表达方法 预测展望立足当前，放眼未来。如：So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relat

43、ionship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.分析：文章通过对未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。常用的结尾段的表达方法 提出建议提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如：As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. T

44、he government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census.分析：文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人口普查的顺利进行。 常用的结尾段的表达方法 提出问题提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想。如：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the

45、deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why cant young people think of the days when they are getting old分析：文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。常用的结尾段的表达方法 引用格言用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如：Many yeas ago, a g

46、reat philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowledge-acquisition, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.分析: 文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象。